For each of these references, identify the binary address, the tag, and the index given a direct-mapped cache with 16 one-word blocks. Also list if each reference is a hit or a miss, assuming the cache is initially empty.

Caches are important to providing a high-performance memory hierarchy to processors. Below is a list of 32-bit memory address references, given as word addresses.

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3, 180, 43, 2, 191, 88, 190, 14, 181, 44, 186, 253 b. 21, 166, 201, 143, 61, 166, 62, 133, 111, 143, 144, 61 a.