Below is my writing assignment, please review it, add your suggestions, and correct where I am wrong. also along with it, there is list that I want you to use to correct me where I am wrong and help me add the missing things.

Growth, Development and Play of a Preschooler With down syndrome Omari Ongena Bluegrass Community and Technical College Nursing 213: Pediatric Nursing Mary Stathas September 2, 2024An increase in physical size is defined as growth, while an increase in skills and functions is defined as development. During growth and development, each group needs to meet certain expected behavior to be considered healthy. Without meeting this expectation, the child will be considered unhealthy and will need to see a health care provider. Health care providers must know each behavior in each age group so they can intervene with appropriate treatment. Down syndrome can affect a child's growth and development. This paper compares the growth and development milestones of a healthy 5-year-old child with those of a 5-year-old child with Down syndrome Physiological Growth As a child grows, he or she will average 2.5 inches (6 cm) in height and 4 to 5 pounds (1.8 to 2.3 kg) in weight per year. Compared to earlier years, this period is characterized by a leaner body composition with more defined muscle tone and less body fat. Children with Down syndrome often exhibit a slower growth rate and shorter stature, along with a higher predisposition to obesity and elevated body mass index (BMI). In contrast to their peers who are typically developing, children with Down syndrome often experience delayed skeletal maturation, leading to differences in height and overall growth. Gross Motor Milestones Typically developing children should be able to run, jump, hop on one foot, and ride a tricycle by age 5. In addition to climbing and skipping, they are able to coordinate their movements well enough to engage in more complex physical activities; in contrast, Children with Down syndrome, however, may reach these milestones later. Children with Down syndrome may have delayed or altered gross motor skills due to hypotonia (low muscle tone) and joint laxity. Walking, running, and jumping may be possible, but they may require more effort or coordination. Activities that require balance and coordination may also be delayed, such as riding a tricycle. Fine Motor Milestones Children 5 years old typically demonstrate refined fine motor skills, such as drawing shapes, cutting with scissors, and dressing themselves with minimal assistance. With a tripod grip, they can hold writing utensils and are beginning to write letters and their names. Children with Down syndrome may experience delays in fine motor skills due to hypotonia and joint laxity (Down Syndrome and Fine Motor Skills. (n.d.). Tasks requiring dexterity, like buttoning clothes or holding a pencil, can present challenges for those children. To reach similar milestones, their fine motor skills may be less precise, and they may need more practice and time. Language Milestones The typical 5-year-old is able to speak in full sentences, understand and use complex grammar, and has a vocabulary of over 2,000 words. Conversations can be held, stories can be told, and abstract concepts can be understood. Children with Down syndrome often face delays in language development. There is a possibility that they use a smaller vocabulary, use shorter sentences, and struggle with articulation and grammar. Despite the fact that they may understand more than they can express, their speech may be less clear, and they may rely more on gestures or non-verbal communication. Psychological/Cognitive Development Stage In Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, a 5-year-old falls into the "Initiative vs. Guilt" stage, where they begin to assert power and control over their environment through play and social interaction. A preoperational stage, defined by Piaget as symbolic thinking and imagination, is characterized by egocentricity, symbolic thinking, and egocentrism. Children with Down syndrome generally experience these stages differently due to their cognitive delays. Compared to their peers, they may have shorter attention span, find abstract concepts more challenging, and engage in simpler or more repetitive play. In spite of this, they still demonstrate initiative and a desire to interact with and explore their environment. Impact on Play Behavior By age 5, children with Down syndrome are more likely to engage in cooperative play than their typically developing peers. As a result of cognitive and language delays, they may prefer simpler, repetitive play activities and they may need additional guidance or support to engage in group activities. They may have difficulty understanding rules or taking turns, affecting their ability to play games with others. Even if their play looks different, they can form friendships and enjoy playing with their peers with support and encouragement. To conclude, it is important to note that when it comes to growth and development, each group must meet certain expectations. In the absence of meeting this expectation, the child will be considered unhealthy and will need to see a doctor. There will be delays in Physiological Growth, Gross Motor Milestones, Fine Motor Milestones, Language Milestones, Psychological/Cognitive Development Stage, and Impact on Play Behavior in a 5-year-old infant with down syndrome. For health care providers to intervene effectively in each age group, they must understand the behaviors of those groups. Reference American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). (2021). Health supervision for children with Down syndrome. Pediatrics, 128(2), 393-406. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-0017 Down Syndrome and Fine Motor Skills. (n.d.). Retrieved https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KfP7WSKzah Y Down Syndrome: Attitudes and Expectations. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=15R1ReVi2XQ Down Syndrome: Occupational Therapy Demonstration. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rz4wbdeqIPM Mayo Clinic. (2023). Down syndrome: Symptoms & causes. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/down-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc- 20355977 National Down Syndrome Society (NDSS). (2023). Down syndrome facts. Retrieved from https://www.ndss.org/about-down-syndrome/down-syndrome/NSG 213 Peer Review Checklist Peer Reviewer Name: Paper Author Name: Topic of Paper: Title page Introduction 1. Background on topic 2. Purpose statement 3. Age group (infant, toddler, preschool, school-age, = adolescent) Discussion 4. Description of expected physiological growth of the age group WITH comparison to client 5. Description of expected gross motor milestones for age group WITH comparison to client's gross motor 6. Description of expected fine motor milestones for age group WITH comparison to client's fine motor 7. Description of expected language milestones for age group WITH comparison to client 8. Identified the correct psychosocial (Erikson) OR cognitive _t (Piaget) development stage for the age group WITH client observations - 9. Describes impact of play on assigned client or age group _I 10. Support of peer reviewed nursing journal article Conclusion 11. Summarizes information presented in paper !__ 12. Subject of paper included Reference Page 13. Peer-reviewed journal cited = 14. References are in alphabetical order 15. All references on reference page are cited in the paper 16. All in-text citations have a reference | APA format 17. Are there headings present? 18. Are there page numbers present in the header? 19. No personal pronouns used (I, me, us, our, my, etc.) Included | Absent _l__,'__.______ Peer Review Rubric to be completed by faculty: Peer Review Grading Rubric (5 points) Points Possible Points Earned Peer Review Checklist is fully = completed (-0.5 points for each 2 missing item) Peer Review correctly reflects the author's writing assignment 3 (-0.5 points for each error) Total Paints: | 5