C++ examples

What is the syntax for specifying a pointer type? How do you declare a variable as being of a certain pointer type? What is the dereferencing operator and how do you use it? If a variable points to a memory location holding a value, how do you use the dereferencing operator to get the value stored in the memory location? How do you use it to set the value? When do you use ->? How do you use to get at or set data in a field of a struct? What is the reference operator, and how do you use it specify the memory address represented by a variable? By an array element? By a field of a struct? By a member variable of a class? What can happen if you try to dereference a pointer which is not initialized? If you have a function that passes variable by reference, how could you modify it to use parameters which are pointers rather than reference parameters