Case Incident 2 Waqar believed that he was making progress as an assistant manager of a financial-services companyuntil he noticed that his colleague, another assistant manager, was attempting to push him aside. On repeated occasions, Mr. Waqar observed that his colleague was speaking with their manager behind closed doors. During these conversations, Mr. Waqars colleague attempted to persuade the supervisor that Mr. Waqar was incompetent and mismanaging his job, a practice that Mr. Waqar found out after the fact. Mr. Waqar recounts one specific instance of his colleagues backstabbing efforts: When asked a question by his subordinates to which Mr. Waqar did not know the answer, his colleague stated to their supervisor, I cant believe he didnt know something like that. On other occasions, after instructing a subordinate to complete a specific task, Mr. Waqars colleague would say, I wouldnt make you do something like that. What was the result of such illegitimate political tactics? Mr. Waqar was demoted (downgraded), an action that led him to resign shortly after, while his colleague was promoted. Whatever I did, I lost, recounts Mr. Waqar. What leads individuals to behave this way? According to Mr. Haider, a management consultant who has extensively studied the practice of backstabbing, a tight job market is often a contributing factor. Mr. Agha, another management consultant, believes that backstabbing is the result of some kind of character disorder. One executive at a technology company in Faisalabad admits that blind ambition was responsible for his backstabbing. In 2019, he was assigned as an external sales representative, partnered with a colleague who worked internally at their clients office. The executive wanted the internal sales position for himself. To reach this goal, he systematically engaged in backstabbing to shatter his colleagues credibility. Each time he heard a complaint, however small, from the client, he would ask for it in an e-mail and then forward the information to his boss. Hed include a short message about his colleague, such as: Im powerless to deal with this. Shes not responsive and the customer is beating on me. In addition, he would fail to share important information with her before presentations with their boss to convey the impression that she did not know what she was talking about. He even took backstabbing so far as to schedule meetings with their boss on an electronic calendar but then altered his version so that she was late. Eventually, he convinced his boss that she was overworked. He was transferred to the clients office, while his colleague was moved back to the main office. Incidents such as these may not be uncommon in the workplace. Given todays competitive work environment, employees may be using political games to move ahead. To guard against backstabbing, Nasir, a management consultant, recommends telling supervisors and other key personnel that the backstabber is not a friend. He states that this may be effective because backstabbers often claim to be friends of their victims and then act as if they are hesitant about sharing negative information with others because of this professed friendship. In any event, it is clear that employees in organizations need to be aware of illegitimate political behavior. Companies may need to adopt formal policies to safeguard employees against such behavior; however, it may be the case that behaviors such as backstabbing and spreading negative rumors are difficult to detect. Thus, both employees and managers should try to verify the information to avoid the negative repercussions that can come from backstabbing and other illegitimate behaviors.

Questions 1. What factors, in addition to those mentioned above, lead to illegitimate political behaviors such as backstabbing? 2. Imagine that a colleague is engaging in unlawful political behavior toward you. What steps might you take to reduce or eliminate this behavior? 3. Do you believe that it is ever justifiable to engage in illegitimate political behaviors such as backstabbing? If so, what are some conditions that might justify such behavior? 4. In addition to the obvious negative effects of illegitimate political behavior on victims, such as those described in the above case, what might be some negative effects on the perpetrators? On the organization as a whole?