Coca$-$Cola collaborates extensively abroad, but it refuses collaboration that might imperil control of its core competency. As a result, which of the following is NOT one of its international collaborative forms?

$$ forming joint ventures with companies that provide supplies for Coke products

using franchisers to bottle, sell, and deliver Coke beverages

sharing ownership in the production of its secret formula concentrate

licensing Coke's trademark for use on products in which it lacks skills