Consider a program that includes non data-instructions and data-instructions (loads/stores).

Assume:

Instruction cache miss rate is 5%,

Cache miss rate for accessing data (operands) of data-instructions is 10%,

The frequency of non data-instructions is 67%.

Non data-instructions and data-instructions require 1 and 2 memory accesses (references), respectively. A data-instruction needs 2 memory accesses, one to access the instruction and one to access the data.

CPI of an instruction without any memory stall, i.e. cache hit, is 4 clock cycles.

Miss penalty is 12 clock cycles for each cache miss.

How much faster would the program run with a perfect cache that never misses?