Consider a study investigating the relationship between a new marketing strategy $($X$)$ and an increase in sales $($Y$).$ The study finds that:

When X is implemented, Y increases.

Variations in the intensity of X are systematically associated with variations in Y$.$

After controlling for external variables, the relationship between X and Y remains significant.

Given these findings, which degree of causality is most likely being demonstrated, and why?

Question $9$Answer

a$.$

Conditional causality because X is necessary but not sufficient on its own to increase Y; other factors are also required.

b$.$

Absolute causality because X is both necessary and sufficient to increase Y$.$

c$.$

Contributory causality because X is neither necessary nor sufficient to increase Y$,$ but it still significantly contributes to the increase.

d$.$

None of the above because the evidence does not support any specific degree of causality.