Consultants Exceptional (CE) has hired you to develop training materials for their consultants. Your first assignment is to develop a training program that helps their consultants to analyse and understand the organisational structure of the company that they are assisting. You believe that in order to adequately evaluate and understand a client company, consultants need to understand the basic organisational structure of the company. Consultants are then able to recommend actions and changes based on the company's structure. One of the questions you tell the trainees to ask is, "To what degree are tasks subdivided into separate jobs?" This question addresses the issues of (select 2 answers):

a.

The degree to which tasks in an organisation are subdivided into separate jobs

b.

The number of employees a manager is expected to effectively and efficiently direct (often known as the number of direct reports).

c.

Work specialization, whereby higher employee productivity is achieved at the price of reduced job satisfaction, but not always

d.

Formalization whereby there is consistent and uniform output driven by explicit job descriptions, organisational rules, and clearly defined procedures.

e.

Wider spans of control whereby a decrease in training costs takes place as workers must be much more knowledgeable about their jobs