Data Path Breakdown:

Explanation:

Program Pointer $($PP$)$: Points to the next instruction to be fetched.

Instruction Memory $($IM$)$: Stores the instructions.

Control Unit: Decodes instructions and generates control signals.

Accumulator $($Acc$)$: Stores intermediate results and is central to operations.

Arithmetic Logic Unit $($ALU$)$: Performs arithmetic and logic operations.

Data Memory $($DM$)$: Stores data values.

Data Path Flow:

Fetch:

The Program Pointer $($PP$)$ provides the address to the Instruction Memory $($IM$).$

The instruction is fetched from IM and sent to the Control Unit.

Decode:

The Control Unit decodes the fetched instruction and generates appropriate control signals.

Execute:

For LD address: The address is sent to Data Memory $($DM$),$ and the value fetched is loaded into Acc.

For LD data: The immediate data is directly loaded into Acc.

For ADD data and SUB data: The immediate data is sent to the ALU along with the value in Acc. The result is stored back in Acc.

For ADD $($address$)$ and SUB $($address$)$: The address is sent to DM$,$ and the fetched data is sent to the ALU along with Acc's value. The result is stored back in Acc.

For STM $($address$)$: The value in Acc is written to the address in DM$.$

For JMP address: The address is loaded into the Program Pointer $($PP$).$

For JZ address: The address is loaded into PP if the result in the status register indicates zero.

Write$-$back:

Results are written back to Acc or DM based on the operation performed.

Control Signals:

Explanation:

MUX: Selects between immediate data and memory data.

ALU: Receives control signals to perform ADD, SUB operations.

Acc: Receives data from ALU or memory based on control signals.

PP: Updated by control signals for jump instructions