Decide first whether data are quantitative or qualitative. Unless mentioned otherwise, no assumption has been seriously violated, and therefore the appropriate test should be selected from among t , F , or c 2 tests. Specify the precise form of the test. For example, specify that the t test is for two population means with related samples, or that the c 2 test is for two variables, or that the F test is for repeated measures.

1. Over a century ago, the British surgeon Joseph Lister investigated the relationship between the operating room environment (presence or absence of disinfectant) and the fate of about 100 emergency amputees (survived or failed to survive).

2. A social scientist wishes to determine whether there is a relationship between the attractiveness scores (on a 100-point scale) assigned to college students by a panel of peers and their scores on a paper-and-pencil test of anxiety.