How do network effects impact innovation with regards to technical standards?

Network effects tend to foster innovation both within and outside an established standard.

Network effects tend to increase innovation within a standard but decrease the number of innovative offerings that compete against a strongly established standard.

Network effects tend not to affect innovation.

Network effects tend to limit innovation both within and outside an established standard.

Network effects tend to decrease innovation within a standard but increase the number of innovative offerings that compete against a strongly established standard.