How does the interplay between material properties and structural design principles influence the long$-$term resilience and sustainability of civil engineering infrastructure? Consider the intricate balance required between material selection, structural configuration, and environmental factors in ensuring the durability and adaptability of infrastructure systems over their lifespan. Explore the challenges posed by varying environmental conditions, loading scenarios, and dynamic forces on different types of structures. Additionally, delve into the role of emerging materials and advanced computational methods in enhancing structural performance and mitigating risks associated with aging infrastructure. Investigate the trade$-$offs between traditional materials like concrete and steel and newer alternatives such as fiber$-$reinforced polymers and engineered wood products in terms of cost$,$ environmental impact, and performance under diverse conditions. Moreover, analyze the importance of incorporating resilience and sustainability principles into civil engineering design practices to address evolving societal needs, climate change impacts, and resource constraints for fostering resilient infrastructure systems capable of withstanding unforeseen challenges and serving future generations effectively.