"How does the process of distillation separate components in a mixture based on their boiling points? Explain the principles of mass transfer and vapor$-$liquid equilibrium involved. Discuss the factors influencing the efficiency of distillation columns. What are the applications of distillation in industries such as petrochemicals and pharmaceuticals? How does absorption differ from adsorption in terms of mechanism and applications? Elaborate on the significance of phase diagrams in understanding chemical processes and designing equipment."