III. Logical Fallacies

Directions: Identify the logical fallacy in each of the following statements.

A free and open press is one of the most important characteristics of a modern society because modern, open societies value the freedom that news outlets have to report on issues.

Fallacy:

Despite the women's movement in the 1970s, women still do not receive equal pay for equal worth. Therefore, all such attempts to change the status quo are doomed to failure.

Fallacy:

Legalization of abortion will lead to murder of the elderly and the developmentally challenged.

Fallacy:

"Animal rights activists believe that it isn't right to keep pets in captivity and to make them do what we want. If it were up to them, they would have you abandon your pets in the wilderness."

Fallacy:

"I can't believe anyone really listens to what the National Rifle Association (N.R.A.) has to say. The group's just a bunch of ignorant rednecks."

Fallacy:

"Smoking doesn't cause lung cancer! People died of lung cancer long before cigarettes."

Fallacy:

IV. Basic Rules of Probability

Directions: Calculate the following problems using standard logical notation.

Imagine drawing See's Candies Lollypops from a large tin containing 100 lollypops in total. There are 50 Chocolate (C), 30 Butterscotch (B), and 20 Vanilla (V) See's Candies Lollypops.

Calculate the following probabilities.

Pr (~B) =

Pr (B v V) =

Pr (~(C v V)) =

Assuming that we are sampling with replacement Pr (C₁& C₂) =

Assuming that we are sampling without replacement, Pr (B₁& V₂) =

*Please seperate the answer and short explanations