Include at least one citation that is different from the original post you're commenting on.

• Nagel, S. S. (1983). Policy Evaluation and Criminal Justice. Brooklyn Law Review, 50(1), 53-76.
• Lopez, E., Rosenfeld, R. & Boxerman, B. (2023) Crime Trends in U.S. Cities: Mid-Year 2023 Update. Council on Criminal Justice
• Lum, C., et al. (2016). An Evidence-Assessment of the Recommendations of the President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing Implementation and Research Priorities. George Mason University & International Association of Chiefs of Police.
• Hu, Cathy, KiDeuk Kim, and Edward Mohr (2017). National scan of policy and practice in risk assessment. BJA Risk Assessment Clearinghouse

In the journal article Policy Evaluations and Criminal Justice, Stuart S. Nagel discusses the five methods that are used for policy evaluation. The five methods of evaluation are Probabilistic Benefit-Cost Analysis, Non-Probabilistic Benefit-Cost Analysis, Time Optimizing Models, Optimum Level Analysis, and Optimum Mix Analysis. Though each model has its benefits when implemented, Probabilistic Benefit-Cost Analysis and Non-Probabilistic Benefit-Cost Analysis contain the most compelling arguments when assessing policy options but are improved when newer concepts are applied.

Probabilistic Benefit-Cost Analysis is a policy evaluation method that weighs the costs and benefits of policies, while also accounting for the potential impacts of uncertain events (Nagel, 1983). A model of Probabilistic Benefit-Cost Analysis would be crime reduction policy. According to Nagel, the five approaches to crime reduction include decreasing the perceived benefits of committing crime, increasing the costs associated with committing crime, enhancing the benefits of complying with the law, reducing the costs of legal compliance, and altering the probabilities of these benefits and costs occurring (1983). Even though crime reduction policy makes a compelling argument through its five approaches to crime, community-oriented policing provides an additional alternative. Community-oriented policing is defined by community partnerships, problem-solving, and organizational transformation (Lum et al., 2016). The implementation of community-oriented policing also has the potential to reduce the marginalization of at-risk youth which has been shown to be beneficial to crime reduction (Lum et al., 2016).

Non-Probabilistic Benefit-Cost Analysis is a policy evaluation method that promotes police adherence to constitutional principles governing search and seizure, interrogation, and lineups of criminal suspects (Nagel, 1983). A model of Non-Probabilistic Benefit-Cost Analysis would be Police Policy, such as the implementation of the Exclusionary Rule. In the early 1960s, a survey was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the exclusionary rule in enhancing police compliance with the Fourth Amendment's prohibition against unreasonable search and seizure, by examining the correlation between the newly adopted exclusionary rule and increased police adherence to these principles (Nagel, 1983). Overall, the survey suggested that a benefit-cost analysis indicates the exclusionary rule is somewhat more effective than direct legal action against police (Nagel, 1983). Other alternative policies include excluding illegally obtained confessions and the results of illegally conducted lineups, along with pursuing legal action against the police (Nagel, 1983).

An additional concept to be implemented under police policy would be to provide a publicly available policy to guide officer behaviors involving force. The comprehensive policies are those that cover not only police action, but also broader tasks for law enforcement agencies, including officer training, investigations, prosecution, data collection, and information sharing (Lum et al., 2016). Police policies should also focus on assisting agencies to help their officers refrain from and avoid excessive or abusive uses of force (Lum et al., 2016). Policies such as these play an important role when preventing the act of police brutality. Although the argument for police policy in Nagel's article was compelling, the newer concepts that hold police accountable for the actions provide for a better, more beneficial policy implementation.