Most frog species have distinctive calls that are used to attract mates, but several lineages of frogs have lost both the ability to call (through loss of the vocal sac) and to hear airborne sounds (through loss of the tympanum and middle ear). An evolutionary biologist hypothesizes that these losses are more common in diurnal species due to increased risk of predation when calling during the day. To test this, she determines the daily activity patterns of the 38 frog lineages that have lost vocal sacs and middle ears and finds that 16 are diurnal.

a) Conduct an appropriate statistical analysis. Be as precise as possible in determining the P value. Note that 20% of frog lineages are diurnal. (11 marks)

b) Write out code to conduct the same analysis in R. (3 marks)