${?}_{{?}_{{?}_{?}}{?}_{{?}_{?}}\text{o}\text{c}\text{c}\text{u}\text{r}\text{s}\text{w}\text{h}\text{e}\text{n}\text{c}\text{u}\text{s}\text{t}\text{o}\text{m}\text{e}\text{r}\text{s}\text{g}\text{a}\text{t}\text{h}\text{e}\text{r}\text{i}\text{n}\text{f}\text{o}\text{r}\text{m}\text{a}\text{t}\text{i}\text{o}\text{n}\text{f}\text{r}\text{o}\text{m}\text{a}\text{r}\text{e}\text{t}\text{a}\text{i}\text{l}\text{e}\text{r}s\text{c}\text{h}\text{a}\text{n}\text{n}\text{e}\text{l}\text{a}\text{n}\text{d}\text{b}\text{u}\text{y}\text{p}\text{r}\text{o}\text{d}\text{u}\text{c}\text{t}\text{s}\text{f}\text{r}\text{o}\text{m}\text{a}\text{c}\text{o}\text{m}\text{p}\text{e}\text{t}\text{i}\text{t}\text{o}\text{r}s\text{c}\text{h}\text{a}\text{n}\text{n}\text{e}\text{l}\text{.}}$

${?}_{{?}_{?}}{?}_{{?}_{?}}{?}_o$ccurs when customers gather information from a retailer$s$ channel and buy products from a competitor$s$ channel.

Omniretailing

Channel migration

Automated retailing

Channel integration

Channel expansion