Please give the answer form both points.

Case Question (2) What are the regulatory, technical, and legal issues you think we as operations managers will have to address as a result of these changes? Analysis Examine the case and explain solutions to the problems/challenges identified in it. GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES: Shipping Without Sailors The autonomous transportation concept is not limited to the trucking industry. Major initiatives led by Norway-based Kongsberg in partnership with Yara, a Norwegian chemical company; Rolls-Royce; and the Japanese shipping industry, have each revealed plans to develop all- electric and autonomous container ships by 2020. The two Norwegian companies are rapidly developing a $25 million crewless ship that will transport fertilizer between a production facility and a port 37 miles away. The autonomous ship will be able to navigate itself around other ship traffic and dock on its own. The developers estimate that annual operating costs can be cut by up to 90 percent and emissions reduced thanks to fewer fertilizer-filled trucks on the roadways. The ship will become autonomous in stages. At first, a single container will be used as a manned bridge on board. Then the bridge will be moved to shore and become a remote operation center. The ship will eventually run fully on its own, under supervision from shore, in 2020. Rolls-Royce has mounted a joint industry project in Finland called Advanced Autonomous Waterborne Applications. The participants hope to create the technology for a remotely controlled or fully autonomous ship that will operate in coastal waters before the end of the decade. The company also plans to make a self-piloting navy ship, powered by artificial intelligence, sophisticated sensors, and advanced propulsion, for sale to military forces around the world. The 60-meter-long autonomous craft will have a range of 3,500 nautical miles and would be able to operate on its own without human intervention for more than 100 days. would be able to operate on its own without human intervention for more than 100 days. Japan's ship builders and maritime shippers are teaming up to make self-navigating ships a reality by 2025. The artificial-intelligence-driven steering system would use loT technologies to instantaneously gather and analyze data about weather at sea and dangerous obstacles, as well as shipping information. The artificial intelligence would use this data to plot the most fuel- efficient, safest, and shortest route. The smart ships would also predict onboard malfunctions and other troubles, to avoid maritime accidents. In addition, the parties aim to implement fully unmanned shipping at some point down the road, hoping to halve the present count of roughly 2,000 maritime accidents per year. Similar to the autonomous truck initiatives, a number of technological, engineering, regulatory, and legal issues will need to be resolved. However, it won't be long before these short voyage tests of small ships lead to international voyages of large, crewless containerships. Sources: Nathan Borney, "Rolls Royce Reveals Self-Piloted Navy Ship Powered by Artificial Intelligence," USA Today, September 12, 2017, retrieved October 8, 2017, from https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2017/09/12/rolls-royce autonomous-navalship- artificial intelligence/656642001/ Nikkel Aslan Review, Japan Alms to Lauch Self-Piloting Ships by 2025, June 8, 2017; retrieved October 8, 2017, from https://asia.nikkel.com/Tech- Science/Tech/Japan-aims-to-launch-sell-piloting-ships-by-2025. Costas Paris, "Norway Takes Lead in Race to Build Autonomous Cargo Ships," The Wall Street Journal, July 22, 2017 retrieved October 8, 2017, from https://www.wsj.com/articlesorway-takes-lead-in-race-to- build-autonomous-cargo-ships-1500721202. The Maritime Executive, Autonomous Ships before Autonomous Cars? September 12, 2017, retrieved October 8, 2017, from https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/autonomous-ships-before-autonomous-cars. Source retrieved from Transportation: A Global Supply Chain Perspective by Novack, Gibson, Suzuki and Coyle. Publisher: Cengage Learning. Edition: 91, p. 75