please re-write this in your own words

The first factor that Sutherland believes is the reason why an individual engages in criminal behavior is that the behavior is learned. Hopkins Burke (2009) Believes that the actions of an individual are influenced by the people they associate with. It is believed that because the individual main association is with their family, as that is whom they have grown up and lived with, so, therefore, the individual social values and norms are formulated from them. Sutherland also stated that learned behavior is not invented, nor is it inherited The skills and techniques required for an individual to engage criminal activity are not automatically obtained from birth, or through association with criminals, instead they are acquired through a process of learning (Hopkins Burke, 2009:106). The second principle refutes the idea that criminal behavior is learned through the individual witnessing deviant or criminal behavior. Instead, this believes that criminality is learned behaviour though interaction with others in the process of communication. Children are accustomed to the norms of society at a very young age, they are taught the roles of both the people around them. They also learn these roles by observing the male or female characteristics relating to the specific gender. For example, an individual may learn about deviant behavior through communicating with the person who is committing the deviant behavior. The third principle states that individuals commit crimes because they are influenced by the behavior of intimate people such as family members and close friends. Methods of communication from television and or media are less effective in influencing the individual (Hopkins Burke, 2009:106). The fourth factor from Sutherlands theory is that learning criminal behavior involves learning specific techniques, drives, motives, and rationalization. Having a primary group of people around does not necessarily mean that the individual will engage in crime, but it does mean that they have the resources for the criminal rationale. For example, being around a person who is has been convicted of a sexual offense, may give the individual knowledge about how to engage in the same crime, but the individual may choose not to engage in that crime because they know from their socialization of societal norms that a sexual offense is unacceptable (Hopkins Burke, 2009:106). The fifth factor can be noticed when considering cultures from the United Kingdom and the United States. Both countries have various cultures within them and each culture has different perceptions as to what is favorable and unfavorable within society and this can cause a cultural conflict. This principle believes that the specific direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of legal codes such as favorable and unfavorable. (Newburn, 2007: 194)

Differential association theory and strain theory can be used to tackle youth crime. The differential association accepts that criminal behavior is evident across all social classes, and that criminal attitudes and behavior are learned through interaction with influential groups. In order to tackle youth crime, the government will need to introduce organizations that aim at using positive role models to encourage young individuals who do not have positive role models in their lives. By doing so individuals can learn positive behavior instead of deviant behavior from people who engage in unacceptable behavior. The differential theory has been criticized in Glueck's (1956) article on Theory and fact in Criminology. Glueck stated that it is difficult to measure the duration, priority, frequency, and intensity of an individuals association, so therefore this makes it impossible to predict and measure how the differential associations result in the learning of criminal behavior. It could be argued that the individual did not learn criminal behavior from an intimate social group, because the duration, frequency, priority, and intensity were not sufficient. Glueck (1956) argued that if there is no sufficiency then the theory is not falsifiable which therefore makes it defective. Finally, the strain theory can be used to tackle youth crime because it explains the strains within a society that may influence individuals to engage in criminal activity. This theory can enable the government to improve the social structure within society, for example providing more employment and better education opportunities. Strain theory has been criticized by Cohen (1955) who stated that the theory can be accounted for some but not all deviant behavior. Cohen also criticized Mertons theory of strain for being too individualistic in describing the adaptations to strain.