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An independent variable is examined to determine whether its observed value changes when it is exposed to an intervention. True False Attrition is the loss of participants from a study that measures outcomes over time. True False A trend study is a type of longitudinal study in which data collection is repeated over time among the same sample selected from the overall population to examine how individuals change over time. True False Which of the following is not a requirement for a causal relationship between two variables? Sequence of influence Nonspuriousness Statistical association Risk factors The primary weakness of field experiments is the difficulty of observing the sequence of influence between variables. True False What is the purpose of a case study? It generates, interprets, and represents people's stories to identify patterns and themes. It compares one piece of data to others to determine the relationships between them. It analyzes the overall direct and indirect costs and benefits of an intervention and can be used to compare interventions or programs. It uses multiple sources to investigate an entity or a phenomenon through triangulation. Which of the following statements about survey research is not true? It can be applied to acquire factual information or to ascertain beliefs or values. It strives to measure the distribution of specific characteristics or results among a sample. It is the use of a systematic method based on small samples and qualitative analysis. It can help health policy researchers to explore factors associated with a problem of interest. A cohort is a group of individuals who experience the same significant event within a specified period or who share some major characteristic. True False Which of the following is not a quantitative method used in health policy research? Ethnographic research Cost-effectiveness analysis Survey research Cost-benefit analysis What is the purpose of a narrative anlaysis? It compares one piece of data to others to determine the relationships between them. It analyzes the overall direct and indirect costs and benefits of an intervention and can be used to compare interventions or programs. It generates, interprets, and represents people's stories to identify patterns and themes. It uses multiple sources to investigate an entity or a phenomenon through triangulation