Problem$-$Solving Application Case$$White$,$ Male, and Asian: The Diversity Profile of Technology Companies

Is setting diversity goals in hiring fair? This is an important question to explore, especially in industries dominated by a race, gender, or ethnic group. This activity is important because it shows how challenging managing diversity can be$,$ especially in industries like technology. The goal of this activity is to examine what it means to $$manage diversity,$$ and to explore which programs might decrease, rather than increase $($or at the very least balance$)$ workplace diversity.

Read the case about the typical diversity profile of technology companies. Then, using the three$-$step problem$-$solving approach, answer the four questions that follow.

Managing diversity is a hot topic among technology companies, some of which have started to display transparency by publishing their diversity profiles. Google$$s diversity report reveals its workforce is $69\mathrm{.}1$ percent male and $30\mathrm{.}9$ percent female. Ethnicity data for Google$$s U$.$S$.$ workforce indicates $53\mathrm{.}1$ percent white, $36\mathrm{.}3$ percent Asian, $4\mathrm{.}2$ percent of two or more races, $3\mathrm{.}6$ percent Latinx, and $2\mathrm{.}5$ percent black$\mathrm{.}1$ This pattern is similar to Apple $(32$ percent female and $54$ percent white, and U$.$S$.$ ethnicity data showing $21$ percent Asian, $13$ percent Hispanic, $9$ percent black, $3$ percent of two or more races, and $1$ percent other$)2$ and Facebook $(36$ percent female, and U$.$S$.$ ethnicity data of $46\mathrm{.}6$ percent white, $41\mathrm{.}4$ percent Asian, $4\mathrm{.}9$ percent Hispanic, and $3\mathrm{.}5$ percent black$).$ Executives within the technology industry have started to implement a variety of programs and policies to change the demographic profiles of their companies. For example, Pinterest established a $2018$ goal to have $25$ percent of new hires in engineering roles be female and $8$ percent from underrepresented ethnic groups$\mathrm{.}4$ Intel established a hiring goal of full representation of underrepresented minorities and women in its U$.$S$.$ workforce by $2020\mathrm{.}5$

Is setting diversity hiring goals fair? While companies that set them note the hiring goals are not meant to be quotas, some managers may perceive them that way. This would likely create feelings of reverse discrimination, fueling resistance to hiring diverse employees.What has led to the skewed demographics at technology companies? Some experts believe the root cause goes back to patterns and norms in elementary and high school, where girls are not encouraged to focus on the STEM subjects $($science$,$ technology, engineering, and math$).$ If this is true, female high$-$school students are not developing the proficiency that would help them major in STEM subjects in college. Further, a writer for Forbes concluded that an unconscious bias exists $$that science and math are typically $$male$$ fields while humanities are primarily $$female$$ fields, and these stereotypes further inhibit girls$$ likelihood of cultivating an interest in math and science.$6$

A related issue is the $$information gap.$$ High$-$school students simply do not know which jobs are in high demand. For example, research shows that $24$ percent of high$-$school seniors $$have no idea of what career they want to pursue. Of high school seniors who have pinpointed a desired profession, $23$ percent said they made their career choice based on something they saw on TV or in a movie.$7$ This is a problem because TV shows often depict technology$-$oriented people as geeky males. Who wants to be a geek?

Others claim the tech industry has a pipeline problem. In other words, not enough females and minorities are majoring in STEM subjects in college. Statistics conflict on this subject. Some data indicate that females earn fewer than $20$ percent of college degrees in computer science and engineering, even though they achieve most Bachelor$$s degrees in the United States$\mathrm{.}8$ In contrast, other studies suggest there is not a pipeline issue. According to EdSource writer Carolyn Jones, about half of the students in high$-$school science and math courses are female$\mathrm{.}9$ Data from the National Science Foundation indicate that women earn approximately $50$ percent of science and engineering bachelor$$s degrees$\mathrm{.}10$ A USA Today study further showed that $$top universities graduate black and Hispanic computer science and computer engineering students at twice the rate that leading technology companies hire them.$11$ There must be some reason these students are not being hired.

If the above data are accurate, then it is possible that companies have a systemic problem based on hiring managers$$ beliefs, stereotypes, or unconscious biases. This occurred at Pinterest, for example, when it tried to increase the number of women and minorities being hired. Although recruiters found qualified applicants $$from nontraditional backgrounds, managers often continued to prioritize people from places like Stanford and MIT, which have less broad student bodies. And while Adam Ward, Pinterest$$s head of recruiting, and Abby Maldonado, its diversity$-$programs specialist, had