Query Formatting Help

Please explain the purpose of the formatting technique or the purpose of the function for each of the queries in the image below.

Worksheet Query Builder :--Query 1 2 SELECT 'BROWNING: ./-././././"NAME FOLLOWED BY CHARACTERS" FROM DUAL; -Query 2 5 SELECT RTRIM('BROWNING: ./1.-,/-.'"RTRIM example" FROM DUAL; 71 :--Query 3 8 SELECT BROWNING, MARY FROM DUAL 101 :--Query 4 11 SELECT SUBSIR ('BROWNING, MARY',11) "SUBSTR exampl" FROM DUAL; 12