Question $1[20]$

In a biomass drying process, the convective heat transfer coefficient $(h)$ is $50\frac{W}{m^2*K},$ the surface area of heat transfer $(A)$ is $1\mathrm{.}5m^2,$ and the temperature difference $(T)$ between the surface and the fluid is $25C.$ Calculate the heat transfer rate $($Q$)$ using convection. $(4)$

Discuss the current research trends and advancements in solar thermal technology, including novel materials and system designs.

Discuss the various heat transfer mechanisms involved in a solar thermal system.

Question $2[20]$

Describe the operation of a typical hydropower turbine, including the role of the runner, wicket gates, and draft tube in converting water's kinetic energy into mechanical energy.

Explore emerging technologies and innovations in pumped hydropower generation, such as advanced turbine designs, variable$-$speed operation, and use of renewable energy sources for pumping, and their potential impact on system efficiency and flexibility

Question $3[10]$

The hydropower system begins with the water intake, where water is collected from a natural source, such as a river or reservoir. The collected water is directed through a penstock, a pipeline that transports the water to the turbine. The mass flow rate $($m$)$ of water is $1000k\frac{g}{s}$ and the height difference $($h$)$ is $55$ meters. Calculate the potential energy of water.

The water from the penstock drives the turbine, converting the potential energy of the water into mechanical energy. The angular velocity $()$ of the turbine is $20$ radians per second and the torque $()$ to be $5000$ Newton meters. Calculate the output power.

Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of hydropower as a renewable energy source in terms of its environmental impact, reliability, and scalability

Total: $50$ Marks