QUESTION $1$

$(40$ Marks$)$

$1\mathrm{.}1$ In the case study, it is highlighted that effective leaders overseeing ultra$-$large projects must rely on

$(20$ Marks$)$ structured processes while acknowledging the indispensable role of leadership. Considering this, critically examine W$.$ E$.$ Deming's framework for understanding and improving organisational processes, systems, and performance and how this can be applied to enhance project quality within the realm of ultra$-$projects.

${1\mathrm{.}2}^O$ an average, projects with budgets above $$1$ billion are delivered one year behind schedule and run $30$

$(20$ Marks$)$ percent over budget. If this trend continues, $$5$ trilion in value will be destroyed in the projects currently announced around the world." Considering the provided statement, analyse the main challenges that project managers encounter when striving to ensure quality outcomes in ultra$-$large projects. Your response should refer to relevant examples.