Question $(1)$

A$.$ Define the following terms:

Chemical equilibrium $-$ Heat of combustion $-$ Heating value $-$ Adiabatic flame temperature

$(2$ points$)$

B$.$ Automatic engine tuning is carried out by sensing the percentage of Oxygen in the exhaust gases. The following readings are obtained from the dry exhaust analyses of $3198c{m}^3$ four$-$stroke, fourcylinders SI engine running at $3000rpm$:$11\mathrm{.}351\%C{O}_2,0\mathrm{.}068\%S{O}_2,3\mathrm{.}753\%O_2,0\mathrm{.}115CO,$ and the remainder is $N_2,$ by volume. If the fuel composition is $59\%C_3{H}_8,39\%C_4{H}_{10},$ and $2\%S,$ by volume, calculate:

a$)$ The excess air factor.

b$)$ The fuel higher heating value in $k\frac{J}{k}g.$

c$)$ The heat of combustion consumed in the engine if the combustion products temperature is $700$ K $.$

d$)$ The engine power if the thermal efficiency is $58\%.$

$(6$ points$)$

C$.$ What are the main advantages and disadvantages of using Hydrogen in ICE.

$(1$ points$)$