Question $1$: Consider a scenario where you are tasked with optimizing the traffic flow within a newly designed urban area. The city planners have provided you with a grid layout that includes residential, commercial, and industrial zones, along with main thoroughfares, local streets, and several public transportation routes. Your objective is to minimize traffic congestion while maximizing accessibility and safety for both vehicles and pedestrians. Discuss the various civil engineering principles and methodologies you would employ to achieve this goal. Specifically, address the use of traffic simulation models, the design of intersections and roundabouts, the integration of intelligent transportation systems $($ITS$),$ and the application of sustainable urban drainage systems $($SUDS$)$ to manage stormwater and reduce surface runoff. Additionally, consider the implications of incorporating bike lanes and pedestrian pathways, and how these features can influence overall traffic dynamics and urban mobility.