Question 1

In your own words, explain the difference between validity and soundness.

Question 2

In your own words, construct a syllogism showing that John has parents.

Question 3

In your own words, explain the difference between ethical reasoning that is deontological and ethical reason that is consequentialist.

Question 4

What are the three requirements of cogent reasoning?

Question 5

What is the difference between a descriptive premise and a prescriptive premise?

Question 6

Identify the following argument form: If P, then Q. P, therefore Q.

Modus ponens

Modus tollens

Constructive dilemma

Hypothetical syllogism

Disjunction

Question 7

Beliefs that are the most ingrained and most resistant to amendment of all of our background beliefs comprise our:

Worldview

Conclusion

Opinion

Human nature

Religion

Question 8

Choose thebestanswer that applies: Words such as "because," "since," "for," "hence," "therefore" and "so" are examples of:

Logical indicators

Premises

Conclusions

Arguments

Fallacies

Question 9

The view that morality is independent of human opinion is known as:

Moral objectivism

Moral relativism

Moral emotivism

Moral nihilism

Moral error theory

Question 10

"Flying on airplanes is probably safe because your chance of dying is lower than dying in a car accident" is an example of what kind of argument?

Propositional

Deductive

Analogical

Categorical

Inductive

Question 11

What distinguishes moral arguments from descriptive arguments?

Moral arguments are descriptive

Moral arguments are prescriptive

Moral arguments are based on opinion

Moral arguments are syllogistic

There is no difference

Question 12

What kind of argument works by assuming the opposite of what we want to prove in order to show its counterintuitive implications?

Disjunctive syllogism

Modus tollens

Tautology

Affirming the consequent

Reductioad absurdum

Question 13

A statement that is necessarily false (i.e. it must be false) is known as a:

Contradiction

Tautology

Contingent

Valid argument

Sample

Question 14

An argument containing three categorical propositions is known as a:

Categorical argument

Syllogism

Thesis

Reductioad absurdum

Analogical argument

Question 15

Identify the following kind of reasoning: "All X's observed are Y's. So, all X's whatsoever are Y's."

Concatenated reasoning

Contraposition

Enumerative induction

Statistical induction

Causal reasoning

Question 16

Jack explains to John that it is wrong to lie because it violates the obligation to tell the truth. What kind of reasoning is Jack engaging in?

Propositional

Inductive

Deductive

Consequentialist

Deontological

Question 17

Jack explains to John that it is wrong to lie because he will get caught and lose his job. What kind of reasoning is Jack engaging in?

Deductive

Inductive

Propositional

Consequentialist

Deontological

Question 18

Reasoning that is in error is known as

Warranted

Fallacious

Valid

Cogent

Propositional

Question 19

Beliefs concerning the nature of human nature and the reliability of information sources are two kinds of:

Categorical beliefs

Moral beliefs

Background beliefs

Opinions

Facts

Question 20

Reasoning that is based off similarities between like cases is known as:

Analogical reasoning

Deductive reasoning

Categorical reasoning

Syllogistic reasoning

Fallacious reasoning