QUESTION $1$: Read the abstracts$,$ and other sections describing the focus of the research. For each of these three case studies $($a; b; and c$)$ below, derive three core questions and related sub$-$questions.

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QUESTION $2$: Select any two of the case studies $($a; b; and c$),$ that you studied in QUESTION $1$ and unravel the concept of each. Use the tree diagram format as illustrated in the lecture. Add as much detail as possible.

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$$Note: CONCEPTS are important, not the details of each of the case studies.

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a$)$TOPIC: Application of Internet of Things in academic buildings for space use efficiency using occupancy and booking data.

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ABSTRACT

Environmental sustainability in academic buildings can be improved with management interventions such as improving space use efficiency supported by large data from the Internet of Things $($IoT$).$Due to the potentials, the interest in the use of IoT tools for facility management is high among universities. However, empirical studies on this topic are scarce. To address the knowledge gap in this area, this study proposes and examines a process model with steps to measure space use and to improve space use efficiency by IoT tools in academic buildings. The applicability of the model is investigated in $8$lecture halls in a university building by using occupancy and booking data from IoT tools. Four space use indicators are developed to visualize the data and quantify space use, and based on them, the strategies and interventions for space use efficiency are proposed and discussed.

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b$).$ TOPIC: Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Organic Inorganic Materials Photovoltaic Applications: A Review.

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Hybrid solar cells based on organic$/$inorganic materials would be fabricated from conjugated polymers and inorganic oxide materials. Nanostructured dye sensitized solar cells would be designed and efficiencies will be evaluated from semiconducting oxides and mixed oxides semiconductors. New strategies would be followed for extending the electrolyte absorption range as well as co$-$sensitization would be incorporated in the system. This review enumerates the results of researchers about different types of organic and inorganic solar cells and its parameters.

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c$).$ TOPIC: Fatigue limit and microstructure in lamellar graphite iron.

ABSTRACT Demanding environmental legislation and improve performance specifications requires increasing fatigue strength for the engine components that are made of lamellar graphite iron $($LGI$).$ Components design, metal$[1]$lurgy and casting conditions define the microstructure formation and mechanical properties. The graphite in$[1]$clusions embedded in the metallic matrix acting as defects and have a detrimental effect on the fatigue strength of LGI. The cooling conditions determine the coarseness of the microstructure and also have, a great impact on the fatigue resistance. The experimental material was an LGI alloy produced with three different solidification times. A fully reversed fatigue test was performed, and various microstructure features were quantitatively estimated by utilizing the Gumbel$$s statistics of extremes. The stereological parameter of Hydraulic Diameter of the Inter$-$dendritic Phase and the graphite Feret size found to be the most suitable microstructure parameters to be correlated with the fatigue limit$.$ The results also indicate the sizeable effect of the solidification time on the fatigue limit$.$ Several other microstructure features that have been reported to influence the tensile strength were also found to be related to the fatigue limit$.$ The obtained endurance ratio ranges from $0\mathrm{.}25$ to $0\mathrm{.}30,$ a value that is in line with previous investigations.