Read and use the information below to answer questions that follow:

Change is any alteration or modification of status quo, which occurs in the overall work

environment of an organisation. Change is making things different. Organisation change

inevitable. Refers to alterations in structural relationships and role of the people in it$.$ Change

is not new. What new is the degree of change is changing. Change is continuous process.

Everywhere there are signs of change$-$too much change in some cases. Information

technology revolution has accelerated the pace of change.

Change is constant, perhaps it is the only corporate slogan that sells across all segments of

industry. Various business functions like corporate planning and strategic business development exist in dynamic flux around this phenomenon. Change is unmistakably the

most significant propeller of business growth and therefore can inarguably be accepted as

being its core ingredient. Not only is change believed to be a constant; it manifests itself over

a period of time. The corporate species, however, lacks the inherent patience of the natural

living beings to go through the long and tedious process of change.

Keith Davis has stated that little change in some part of the organisation tend to affect the

whole organisation. Organisation change can be either through behavioural or nonbehavioural approach. Change may be evolutionary$-$steady growth or revolutionary$-$rapid or shake$-$up$,$ reactive or proactive, continuous, discontinuous, incremental, gradual slow radical change, participative or directive change. The main features of change might be de$-$layering to flatter structures.

Linda Ackerman distinguishes between three types of change: development change,

transitional change, and transformational change. All business organisations operate in an

environment, its internal environment that is penetrated by external factors $($political

economic, social or demographics technology legal & ecology $/$physical environment$)$ and its

own specific environment of suppliers, dealers and competitors, output mechanism, etc. Both

internal environment and environment external have distinct forces for the organisation

change.

Source: Adapted from Phera and Agolla, Organisation change development, BOU.

a$.$ Name two types of change featured above. $(3$ marks$)$

b$.$ Examine four logical reasons to substantiate the observation that organisation change

inevitable. $(4$ marks$)$

c$.$ Analyze three ways which information technology revolution has accelerated the pace of

change. $(6$ marks$)$

d$.$ With examples, evaluate four implications of the social $($demographics$),$ external

environmental factor on an organisation. $(12$ marks$)$