Read the paragraphs and give the answers.

The purpose of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) personality inventory is to make the theory of psychological types described by C. G. Jung understandable and useful in people's lives. The essence of the theory is that much seemingly random variation in the behavior is actually quite orderly and consistent, being due to basic differences in the ways individuals prefer to use their perception and judgment. "Perception involves all the ways of becoming aware of things, people, happenings, or ideas. Judgment involves all the ways of coming to conclusions about what has been perceived. If people differ systematically in what they perceive and in how they reach conclusions, then it is only reasonable for them to differ correspondingly in their interests, reactions, values, motivations, and skills." In developing the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator [instrument], the aim of Isabel Briggs Myers, and her mother, Katharine Briggs, was to make the insights of type theory accessible to individuals and groups. They addressed the two related goals in the developments and application of the MBTI instrument: The identification of basic preferences of each of the four dichotomies specified or implicit in Jung's theory. The identification and description of the 16 distinctive personality types that result from the interactions among the preferences." Excerpted with permission from the MBTI Manual: A Guide to the Development and Use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Favorite world: Do you prefer to focus on the outer world or on your own inner world? This is called Extraversion (E) or Introversion (I). Information: Do you prefer to focus on the basic information you take in or do you prefer to interpret and add meaning? This is called Sensing (S) or Intuition (N). Decisions: When making decisions, do you prefer to first look at logic and consistency or first look at the people and special circumstances? This is called Thinking (T) or Feeling (F). Structure: In dealing with the outside world, do you prefer to get things decided or do you prefer to stay open to new information and options? This is called Judging (J) or Perceiving (P). Your Personality Type: When you decide on your preference in each category, you have your own personality type, which can be expressed as a code with four letters. The 16 personality types of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator instrument are listed here as they are often shown in what is called a "type table." For a description of your MBTI type, place your cursor over the box containing your four-letter type code. You may also wish to browse through all of the 16 type descriptions. If you do not know your MBTI type, you may wish to take the instrument. Type tables can also be used to gather and facilitate analysis of information about teams or specific groups of people. All types are equal: The goal of knowing about personality type is to understand and appreciate differences between people. As all types are equal, there is no best type. The MBTI instrument sorts for preferences and does not measure trait, ability, or character. The MBTI tool is different from many other psychological instruments and also different from other personality tests. The best reason to choose the MBTI instrument to discover your personality type is that hundreds of studies over the past 40 years have proven the instrument to be both valid and reliable. In other words, it measures what it says it does (validity) and produces the same results when given more than once (reliability). When you want an accurate profile of your personality type, ask if the instrument you plan to use has been validated. The theory of psychological type was introduced in the 1920s by Carl G. Jung. The MBTI tool was developed in the 1940s by Isabel Briggs Myers and the original research was done in the 1940s and '50s. This research is ongoing, providing users with updated and new information about psychological type and its applications. Millions of people worldwide have taken the Indicator each year since its first publication in 1962. The Myers-Briggs Personality Type Indicator is a self-report inventory designed to identify a person's personality type, strengths, and preferences. The questionnaire was developed by Isabel Myers and her mother Katherine Briggs based on their work with Carl Jung's theory of personality types. Today, the MBTI inventory is one of the world's most widely used psychological instruments. This article discusses how the Myers-Briggs types were created, what the 16 different MBTI types are, and how this personality typing system works. The Development of the Myers-Briggs Test Both Myers and Briggs were fascinated by Jung's theory of psychological types and recognized that the theory could have real-world applications. During World War II, they began researching and developing an indicator that could be utilized to help understand individual differences.1 By helping people understand themselves, Myers and Briggs believed that they could help people select occupations that were best suited to their personality types and lead healthier, happier lives. Myers created the first pen-and-pencil version of the inventory during the 1940s, and the two women began testing the assessment on friends and family. They continued to fully develop the instrument over the next two decades.2 An Overview of the Test Based on the answers to the questions on the inventory, people are identified as having one of 16 personality types. The goal of the MBTI is to allow respondents to further explore and understand their own personalities including their likes, dislikes, strengths, weaknesses, possible career preferences, and compatibility with other people. No one personality type is "best" or "better" than another. It isn't a tool designed to look for dysfunction or abnormality. Instead, its goal is simply to help you learn more about yourself. The questionnaire itself is made up of four different scales. Extraversion (E) - Introversion (I) The extraversion-introversion dichotomy was first explored by Jung in his theory of personality types as a way to describe how people respond and interact with the world around them. While these terms are familiar to most people, the way in which they are used in the MBTI differs somewhat from their popular usage. Extraverts (also often spelled extroverts) are "outward-turning" and tend to be action-oriented, enjoy more frequent social interaction, and feel energized after spending time with other people. Introverts are "inward-turning" and tend to be thought-oriented, enjoy deep and meaningful social interactions, and feel recharged after spending time alone. We all exhibit extraversion and introversion to some degree, but most of us tend to have an overall preference for one or the other. Sensing (S) - Intuition (N) This scale involves looking at how people gather information from the world around them. Just like with extraversion and introversion, all people spend some time sensing and intuiting depending on the situation. According to the MBTI, people tend to be dominant in one area or the other. People who prefer sensing tend to pay a great deal of attention to reality, particularly to what they can learn from their own senses. They tend to focus on facts and details and enjoy getting hands-on experience. Those who prefer intuition pay more attention to things like patterns and impressions. They enjoy thinking about possibilities, imagining the future, and abstract theories. Thinking (T) - Feeling (F) This scale focuses on how people make decisions based on the information that they gathered from their sensing or intuition functions. People who prefer thinking place a greater emphasis on facts and objective data. They tend to be consistent, logical, and impersonal when weighing a decision. Those who prefer feeling are more likely to consider people and emotions when arriving at a conclusion. Judging (J) - Perceiving (P) The final scale involves how people tend to deal with the outside world. Those who lean toward judging prefer structure and firm decisions. People who lean toward perceiving are more open, flexible, and adaptable. These two tendencies interact with the other scales. Remember, all people at least spend some time engaged in extraverted activities. The judging-perceiving scale helps describe whether you behave like an extravert when you are taking in new information (sensing and intuiting) or when you are making decisions (thinking and feeling). The Myers Briggs Types Each type is then listed by its four-letter code: ISTJ - The Inspector: Reserved and practical, they tend to be loyal, orderly, and traditional. ISTP - The Crafter: Highly independent, they enjoy new experiences that provide first-hand learning. ISFJ - The Protector: Warm-hearted and dedicated, they are always ready to protect the people they care about. ISFP - The Artist: Easy-going and flexible, they tend to be reserved and artistic. INFJ - The Advocate: Creative and analytical, they are considered one of the rarest Myers-Briggs types.3 INFP - The Mediator: Idealistic with high values, they strive to make the world a better place. INTJ - The Architect: High logical, they are both very creative and analytical.4 INTP - The Thinker: Quiet and introverted, they are known for having a rich inner world. ESTP - The Persuader: Out-going and dramatic, they enjoy spending time with others and focusing on the here-and-now. ESTJ - The Director: Assertive and rule-oriented, they have high principles and a tendency to take charge. ESFP - The Performer: Outgoing and spontaneous, they enjoy taking center stage. ESFJ - The Caregiver: Soft-hearted and outgoing, they tend to believe the best about other people. ENFP - The Champion: Charismatic and energetic, they enjoy situations where they can put their creativity to work. ENFJ - The Giver: Loyal and sensitive, they are known for being understanding and generous. ENTP - The Debater: Highly inventive, they love being surrounded by ideas and tend to start many projects (but may struggle to finish them). ENTJ - The Commander: Outspoken and confident, they are great at making plans and organizing projects. Taking the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator can provide a lot of insight into your personality, which is probably why the instrument has become so popular. Even without taking the formal questionnaire, you can probably immediately recognize some of these tendencies in yourself. According to the Myers & Briggs Foundation, it is important to remember that all types are equal and that every type has value. When working in group situations in school or at work, for example, recognizing your own strengths and understanding the strengths of others can be very helpful. When you are working toward completing a project with other members of a group, you might realize that certain members of the group are skilled and talented at performing particular actions. By recognizing these differences, the group can better assign tasks and work together on achieving their goals. How MBTI Differs From Other Instruments The MBTI is just one approach to personality typing. Personality typing refers to systems that categorize people based on their traits, tendencies, and other characteristics. Other popular types of personality tests include: The Enneagram The Five Love Languages The Big Five Personality Assessment The Workplace DISC Test Cattell's 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire However, the Myers-Briggs types differ in some important ways. First, the MBTI is not really a "test." There are no right or wrong answers, and one type is not better than any other type. The purpose of the indicator is not to evaluate mental health or offer any type of diagnosis. Also, unlike many other psychological evaluations, your results are not compared against any norms. Instead of looking at your score in comparison to other people's results, the instrument's goal is to simply offer further information about your unique personality. Reliability and Validity According to the Myers & Briggs Foundation, the MBTI meets accepted standards of reliability and validity. The official website for the test suggests that it has a 90% accuracy and test-retest reliability rating. One study found that while the scale showed strong internal consistency and test-retest reliability, variations were observed.5 Other studies indicate that the reliability and validity of the instrument have not been adequately demonstrated. For example, some research suggests that around many people get differing results when they later retake the test and the test is not a good predictor of success in different careers.6 Recap While the MBTI remains a popular assessment, there is not enough evidence for its scientific validity to recommend using it as a personality or career guidance tool. The MBTI Today Because the Myers-Briggs Personality Type Indicator is relatively easy to use, it has become one of the most popular psychological instruments currently in use today. Approximately two million U.S. adults complete the inventory each year. While there are many versions of the MBTI available online, it should be noted that any of the informal questionnaires that you may find on the Internet are only approximations of the real thing. The real MBTI must be administered by a trained and qualified practitioner that includes a follow-up of the results. Today, the questionnaire can be administered online via the instrument publisher, CPP, Inc., and includes receiving a professional interpretation of your results. The current version of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator includes 93 forced-choice questions in the North American version and 88 forced-choice questions in the European version. For each question, there are two different options from which the respondent must choose. My Protagonist (ENFJ) is a person with the Extraverted, Intuitive, Feeling, and Judging personality traits. These warm, forthright types love helping others, and they tend to have strong ideas and values. They back their perspective with the creative energy to achieve their goals. Protagonists (ENFJs) feel called to serve a greater purpose in life. Thoughtful and idealistic, these personality types strive to have a positive impact on other people and the world around them. They rarely shy away from an opportunity to do the right thing, even when doing so is far from easy. Protagonist (ENFJ) personality Protagonists are born leaders, which explains why these personalities can be found among many notable politicians, coaches, and teachers. Their passion and charisma allow them to inspire others not just in their careers but in every arena of their lives, including their relationships. Few things bring Protagonists a deeper sense of joy and fulfillment than guiding friends and loved ones to grow into their best selves. When the whole world is silent, even one voice becomes powerful. MALALA YOUSAFZAI Speaking Up for What's Right Protagonists tend to be vocal about their values, including authenticity and altruism. When something strikes them as unjust or wrong, they speak up. But they rarely come across as brash or pushy, as their sensitivity and insight guide them to speak in ways that resonate with others. These personality types have an uncanny ability to pick up on people's underlying motivations and beliefs. At times, they may not even understand how they come to grasp another person's mind and heart so quickly. These flashes of insight can make Protagonists incredibly persuasive and inspiring communicators. Changing people's minds is no easy task - but if anyone can do it, it's Protagonists. Protagonists' secret weapon is their purity of intent. Generally speaking, they are motivated by a sincere wish to do the right thing rather than a desire to manipulate or have power over other people. Even when they disagree with someone, Protagonists search for common ground. The result is that people with this personality type can communicate with an eloquence and sensitivity that are nearly impossible to ignore - particularly when they speak about matters that are close to their hearts. Getting Involved When Protagonists care about someone, they want to help solve that person's problems - sometimes at any cost. The good news is that many people are grateful for Protagonists' assistance and advice. After all, there's a reason that these personalities have a reputation for helping others improve their lives. Protagonists are genuine, caring people who talk the talk and walk the walk. Nothing makes them happier than motivating other people to do what's right. But getting involved in other people's problems isn't always a recipe for success. Protagonists tend to have a clear vision of what people can or should do in order to better themselves, but not everyone is ready to make those changes. If Protagonists push too hard, their loved ones may feel resentful or unfairly judged. And while this personality type is known for being insightful, even the wisest Protagonists may sometimes misread a situation or unwittingly give bad advice. Leading the Way People with this personality type are devoted altruists, ready to face slings and arrows in order to stand up for the people and ideas that they believe in. This strength of conviction bolsters Protagonists' innate leadership skills, particularly their ability to guide people to work together in service of the greater good. But their greatest gift might actually be leading by example. In their day-to-day lives, Protagonists reveal how seemingly ordinary situations can be handled with compassion, dedication, and care. For these personalities, even the smallest daily choices and actions - from how they spend their weekend to what they say to a coworker who is struggling - can become an opportunity to lead the way to a brighter future.

Give the answers from upper paragraph.

Write a report reflecting on the knowledge you learned about yourself from the personality test. Based on your personality test answers, personality report, concepts learnt in class and your own personal insight, this report is specifically interested in highlighting:

1. What does the Myer and Briggs test say about you? What is your personality type? Elaborate. Provide your insight on whether you agree or disagree with the points discussed within the personality test.

2. Knowing your strengths is essential in understanding what type of job you will be successful in and knowing your weaknesses can be essential in understanding arguments, misunderstandings, problems in a workplace etc. Both your strengths and weaknesses you will elaborate on at a job interview as well. Provide analysis of your strengths & weaknesses in relation to your chosen career path.

3. Reflect on an aspect of your communication style in terms of workplace habits and preferred communication style.

4. Based on your understanding of self as well as potential weaknesses identified, how would you want to improve? Please provide two actionable goals or areas of improvement that you wish to accomplish in the nearest future - a year or 2. Based on the knowledge you will learn in this course, is there an overall goal that you would like to accomplish this semester?