Regarding Executive Support Systems $($ESS$),$ which of the following statements is $\frac{?}{\text{b}\text{a}\text{r}}($ NOT true? $)$

a$.$ ESS need to have some facility for environmental scanning.

b$.$ Contemporary ESS includes tools for modeling and analysis.

c$.$ A well$-$designed ESS could dramatically improve management performance.

d$.$ A well$-$designed ESS could decrease upper management's span of control.

e$.$ A well$-$designed ESS could contribute to an organization's ability to decentralize decision making and have it take place at lower levels of the organization.