Review Key Points for each section. Select one discussion question, from either section, and provide a written response. Responses should be approximately 300 words and have at least three citations. Use APA citation methodology.

Key Points

• Organizational Culture is a pattern of assumptions and values that are invented, discovered, or developed to cope with organizational life. Socialization is the process by which organizations bring new employees into the culture.
• Simply declaring that this will be the culture is not realistic. Culture evolves over time. Organizational cultures can be influenced by powerful individuals such as Ray Kroc at McDonalds, Walt Disney, or John Nordstrom. Typically, an organizational culture evolved and becomes real when people interact and work together to create one.
• Organizations can achieve effectiveness only when employees share values. The values of an increasingly diverse workforce are shaped long before a person enters an organization. Thus, it is important to recruit, select, and retain employees whose values fit those of the firm.
• Spirituality in the workplace is beginning to be empirically studied and discusses. By spirituality most practitioners and researchers mean that employees have a personal concept or inner life that can be strengthened and nourished at work. Currently, most studies of spirituality use surveys and research designs that are being improved, but much work needs to be done in this area.

Choose (1) question to discuss:

1. Identify the three socialization stages. Which of these stages is most important for developing high-performing employees? Explain

2. Organizational culture is a difficult concept to diagnose. How would you diagnose the culture of an office or a manufacturing plant?

3. What can a leader do to promote cultural change that helps improve the overall effectiveness of an organization?