Say the average increase in pay for non$-$union workers in $2011$ is $2\%$ across the U$.$S$.$ If a workers' union successfully negotiates a $3-$year collective agreement that provides a $4\mathrm{.}5\%$ raise in $2011,$ and a $4\mathrm{.}3\%$ raise in $2013,$ then the for$-$profit employer will typically

curtail expansion of labor as a trade$-$off.

replace union workers with foreign workers.

begin to fire its older union workers.

replace union workers with non$-$union workers.