Biology Questions and Answers January 18, 2020

The size of the Y chromosome in humans varies among individuals without causing harmful effects. Explain why. Hint: What is the main role of the Y chromosome in humans? What is the main region involved?

A married taxpayer has taxable income of $47,361. You have calculated tax liability using the tax tables and using the tax rate schedules. What can you say about the two figures? a. Tax liability determined using the tax tables will be more than tax liability determined using the tax rate schedules. b. Tax liability determined using the tax tables

what is ENCODE project ? How does it differ from a single genomic experiment?

Explain one advantage of using deep sequencing rather than microanalysis to examine gene transcrption?

Genome annotation: Genomes are often annotated by comparing sequences among organisms. How might genome annotations be further enhanced and improved? Computationally determined gene structures like introns and exons are often not completely correct. Explain why this is the case. How would you check whether an annotation was correct? Many predicted

DNA barcoding can be used for identification of species using characteristic regions of sequences. For fungi, a sequence termed ITS is used. The ITS sequence encompasses an rRNA gene flanked by two intergenic regions. Part of an ITS alignment is shown in Figure A. Indicate the rRNA gene region and an intergenic region. Explain your choices.

You have the sequence of a gene of interest from a known organism, and wish to find the sequence of the equivalent gene from two other organisms, organism A and organism B. There is a genome sequence available for organism A, but not for organism B. Describe the steps you would take to determine the sequence of your gene of interest in each of the

2. Which of the following statements correctly describes how genomics differs from proteomics? a. Genomics looks at the whole genome, whereas proteomics examines the activity of just one gene. b. These two terms have identical meanings. c.Proteomics examines the output of a genome, which changes depending on circumstances. The genome does not

Which of these scientific questions would you use genomic approaches to address, and which would you address by investigating a single gene or protein? Explain your answers. How does a particular gene mutation, which predisposes individuals to a certain type of cancer, affect transcripfion of other genes in a tumor? is a particular protein

4. Functional genomics and experimental design: Design an experiment to discover all the genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that encode proteins that are essential for sporulation. Discuss any difficulties or constraints you envision with your approach. Modify the experiment to discover genes encoding proteins that are needed for sporulation, but

Design an experiment to discover proteins that interact at the kinetochore. Assume you already know the sequence of one kinetochore protein and have the genome sequence of your experimental organism.

Explain why mutations in somatic cells have a minimal impact on evolution.

Mutafions that change serine to threonine in an encoded protein tend to be neutral. C*ve another example of a neutral change, and explain your choice.

Evolution is a consequence of genetic mutation and selection. Explain each of the following terms and their evolutionary consequences. Posifive selection Negative selection Synonymous rnutafion Genetic drift Founder effect

What are horizontal gene transfer and vertical gene transfer, how do they differ, and which is more frequent? Explain two ways in which transposable elements can shape evolution?

Explain why chromosomal rearrangements may not be harmful for an individual yet may still lead to infertility.

Explain how genome duplication can lead to the development of gene families and pseudogenes.

Explain why it is preferable to compare amino acid sequences ra th er th an nucIeotide sequences when investigating the evolution of protein-encoding genes.

Explain the terms homolog, paralog, and ortholog and discuss how these terms relate to one another. Explain why itisincorrect to refer topercentage homology' when describing genes. What term would be used Instead and why?

Examining synteny is away to compare co-inherited blocks of DNA on chromosomes in different species. Use Figure 18.23 to answer the following questions. Which human chromosome has the highest synteny with mouse chromosome 12? Which mouse chromosome has the highest synteny with human chromosome 8? Which chromosome is most syntenic between mouse and

Describe individualized medicine, and discuss how the development of cheaper and faster genome sequencing technologies will impact its development

. SNPs and microsatellites are types of sequence variation within a genome that can be used in disease mapping. Explain how these differ.

What are haplotype blocks, and why do they reduce the number of genetic markers that need to be used for association studies?

Compare and contrast linkage analysis and association studies.

Explain what is meant by a Mendelian disease, and contrast it to a multigenic or multifactorial disease. Use examples in your explanation.

Haplotype blocks exist because recombination has not occurred within them. Recall chromosomal segregation (Chapter 7) and homologous recombination (Chapter 16) to help you answer these questions.

a. Which two of these chromasomal markers are most likely to be linked Explain your answer. A B b. Which two of these chromosomal markers are most likely to be linked Explain your answer. recombination hotspot recombination hotspot A B