SECTION A

1) Distinguish among acclimation, acclimatization and adaptation.

2) State any five significance of studying comparative physiology.

3) State any five physiological adaptations of different vertebrates in cold environments.

4) Using examoles, give the diverse adaptations of the vertebrate kidney in different environments.

5) Analyse any five respiratory strategies among different vertebrates.

6) State any five adaptations of vertebrates to their nutritional needs in natural environments.

7) Briefly explain how animals" nitrogenous wastes reflect their phylogeny and habitat.

8) State any five features that make amphibian ideal animal models for studying comparative vertebrate physiology.

SECTION B. 30 Marks

Answer any two questions. Each question carries 15 Marks.

9) Describe the structural organizations and functions of vertebrate hearts.

10) Evaluate the relationship between energy requirements to varied vertebrate size and activity.

11) Discuss how reproductive strategies in vertebrates maximize their reproductive success in different environments.

12) Examine of the modifications in brain structure of chordates from amphioxus to mammals, showing the evolution of major head sense organs.