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Security briefingsA relatively new type of pre-departure training is the security briefing. This has become neces-sary as expatriates increasingly relocate to locations where personal safety may be a concern, and therefore present increased and unfamiliar threats to their health, safety, and security. We will return to this evolving topic area in Chapter 10. Risks and threats to expatriates range from hostile political environments (terrorism, kidnapping, hijacking, coup, war), natural dis-asters, exposure to disease (pandemics), travel accidents, and other common travel problems (scheduling delays, passport problems). ORC31 reported in 2008 that 21 per cent of companies provided security briefings to expatriates dependent on the location of their assignment, with 43 per cent having established formal programs or broad guidelines for security and 63 per cent having either a formal or informal program in the case of emergencies. Security plans include evacuation procedures, assignment tracking systems, ongoing security briefings, and continuous improvements in overall security in all at-risk locations. In 19 per cent of partici-pating companies, ORC reported that expatriates had been repatriated from locations deemed unsafe. In these instances, particularly for medical evacuations, 64 per cent of companies used an emergency evacuation service (e.g. SOS International), while 15 per cent covered the costs on an ad-hoc basis. In the event of death or serious illness in the expatriates family, 41 per cent of companies paid the full cost of travel to the home country for the entire family. Interestingly, ORC found that, in companies where expatriates were assigned to dangerous locations, the overwhelming majority (71 per cent) did not pay a danger pay allowance. Just 15 per cent offered this allowance, and a further 14 per cent handled it on a case-by-case basis. However, the 2015 Brookfield Report showed that only 3 per cent of the investigated companies indi-cated that the security situation at the foreign location was a reason to refuse the international assignments or to return prematurely.32