The figure on page 3 shows data from a 5 year hypothetical prospective cohort study. Each...
Fantastic news! We've Found the answer you've been seeking!
Question:
Transcribed Image Text:
The figure on page 3 shows data from a 5 year hypothetical prospective cohort study. Each line summarizes the experience of a person in the study; the exposure was present for 15 individuals (ID numbers 1-15) and the other 15 people were non- exposed (ID# 16-30). All individuals were free of the disease at baseline, and incident cases of disease were diagnosed at mid- year or at examinations conducted at the end of each year. Answer the following questions using the data displayed in the figure. 1 Based on the data from the first two years of the study, answer the following questions. 1a. Compute and interpret the cumulative incidence of disease separately for the exposed and the non-exposed for the first 2 years of the study (i.e. years 1 and 2 combined). (4 points for calculation and 2 points for interpretation) 1b. Compute the incidence odds (odds of cumulative incidence ) for each exposure group for the first 2 years in the study. Is the incidence odds a good estimate of the cumulative incidence computed in la? (4 points for calculation and 2 points for interpretation) 1c. Compute and interpret the prevalence of disease for each exposure group at the examination at the end of year 2. Briefly discuss why the prevalence measures are similar or different to the incidence measures in la. (4 points for calculation and 2 points for interpretation, 2 points for discussion) 1d. Compute and interpret the incidence rate (density) for each exposure group using the first 2 years of data. (4 points for calculation and 2 points for interpretation) 2. Compute cumulative incidence and incidence rate (density) of disease for each exposure group using the first 3 years of data. Compute the prevalence of disease for each exposure group at the examination at the end of year 3. Briefly discuss the comparison of cumulative incidence and prevalence (as in 1c). (12 points for calculation, 2 points for discussion) 3. Compute cumulative incidence and incidence rate (density) of disease for each exposure group using the first 4 years of data. Compute the prevalence of disease for each exposure group at the examination at the end of year 4. Describe how loss to follow-up affects each of these measures. (12 points for calculation, 2 points for discussion) 4. Compute the incidence rate (density) for each exposure group using all five years of data. (4 points for calculation) 5. Describe the differences between cumulative incidence and incidence rate (density) with respect to their (1) units, (2) ranges, and (3) characteristics of populations for which these measures are appropriate for. (3 points) EXPOSED ID # 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 NON-EXPOSED ID # 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXD L D XXXXXXXXXD YEAR OF STUDY YEAR OF STUDY 4- ACTIVE IN STUDY, AT RISK ACTIVE IN STUDY, DISEASED LOST TO FOLLOW-UP DIED XXXXX XXXXXX * 1 represents the examination at the end of year 1, 2 represents the examination at year 2, etc. When disease is diagnosed at the examination the letter "x" appears instead of the number" (e.g., the person with ID# 26 was diagnosed at the end of year 3). A blank space indicates that the person was not present at the examination. LEGEND FOR THIS FIGURE: xxxxD -5 XXX The figure on page 3 shows data from a 5 year hypothetical prospective cohort study. Each line summarizes the experience of a person in the study; the exposure was present for 15 individuals (ID numbers 1-15) and the other 15 people were non- exposed (ID# 16-30). All individuals were free of the disease at baseline, and incident cases of disease were diagnosed at mid- year or at examinations conducted at the end of each year. Answer the following questions using the data displayed in the figure. 1 Based on the data from the first two years of the study, answer the following questions. 1a. Compute and interpret the cumulative incidence of disease separately for the exposed and the non-exposed for the first 2 years of the study (i.e. years 1 and 2 combined). (4 points for calculation and 2 points for interpretation) 1b. Compute the incidence odds (odds of cumulative incidence ) for each exposure group for the first 2 years in the study. Is the incidence odds a good estimate of the cumulative incidence computed in la? (4 points for calculation and 2 points for interpretation) 1c. Compute and interpret the prevalence of disease for each exposure group at the examination at the end of year 2. Briefly discuss why the prevalence measures are similar or different to the incidence measures in la. (4 points for calculation and 2 points for interpretation, 2 points for discussion) 1d. Compute and interpret the incidence rate (density) for each exposure group using the first 2 years of data. (4 points for calculation and 2 points for interpretation) 2. Compute cumulative incidence and incidence rate (density) of disease for each exposure group using the first 3 years of data. Compute the prevalence of disease for each exposure group at the examination at the end of year 3. Briefly discuss the comparison of cumulative incidence and prevalence (as in 1c). (12 points for calculation, 2 points for discussion) 3. Compute cumulative incidence and incidence rate (density) of disease for each exposure group using the first 4 years of data. Compute the prevalence of disease for each exposure group at the examination at the end of year 4. Describe how loss to follow-up affects each of these measures. (12 points for calculation, 2 points for discussion) 4. Compute the incidence rate (density) for each exposure group using all five years of data. (4 points for calculation) 5. Describe the differences between cumulative incidence and incidence rate (density) with respect to their (1) units, (2) ranges, and (3) characteristics of populations for which these measures are appropriate for. (3 points) EXPOSED ID # 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 NON-EXPOSED ID # 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXD L D XXXXXXXXXD YEAR OF STUDY YEAR OF STUDY 4- ACTIVE IN STUDY, AT RISK ACTIVE IN STUDY, DISEASED LOST TO FOLLOW-UP DIED XXXXX XXXXXX * 1 represents the examination at the end of year 1, 2 represents the examination at year 2, etc. When disease is diagnosed at the examination the letter "x" appears instead of the number" (e.g., the person with ID# 26 was diagnosed at the end of year 3). A blank space indicates that the person was not present at the examination. LEGEND FOR THIS FIGURE: xxxxD -5 XXX
Expert Answer:
Related Book For
Income Tax Fundamentals 2013
ISBN: 9781285586618
31st Edition
Authors: Gerald E. Whittenburg, Martha Altus Buller, Steven L Gill
Posted Date:
Students also viewed these accounting questions
-
Answer the following questions using data from the Intel Corporation annual report in the appendix: Required: a. Find the discussion of depreciation methods used by Intel on page 695. Explain why the...
-
Answer the following questions using the data from Problem 14.42: a. Calculate the slope and the y intercept for the regression equation. b. Calculate the SST. c. Partition the SST into the SSR and...
-
Answer the following questions using the data from Problem 14.42: a. Calculate the coefficient of determination. b. Using α = 0.05, test the significance of the population coefficient...
-
Provide an overview of the OS and the manufacturer What is the footprint for the selected OS? What security architecture was implemented? How many CVEs does this OS have?
-
Options are more exciting than investing in the underlying stocks because they offer leverage. Explain this statement
-
(a) Show that if a square matrix A is invertible, then A" is invertible for each n N and its inverse is given by (A") = (A)". (Note that A" means the matrix A multiply by itself n times). (b) (5...
-
Pew Research Center collected data on the same 10 political value questions from 1994 to 2014 and combines these responses to place each person on a scale ranging from consistently liberal to...
-
In 2013, Winslow International, Inc.s controller discovered that ending inventories for 2011 and 2012 were overstated by $200,000 and $500,000, respectively. Determine the effect of the errors on...
-
K Daniel Hair Stylists' adjusted trial balance follows. Prepare Daniel's income statement for the year ended December 31, 2024. (Click on the icon to view the adjusted trial balance.) Net Income...
-
A compound of molecular formula C 8 H 8 O gives the IR and NMR spectra shown here. Propose a structure, and show how it is consistent with the observed absorptions. wavelength (um) 5,5 6. 8 9 10 2.5...
-
Organizational behavior is a field that draws heavily on the disciplines of psychology, anthropology, sociology, economics and political science. Using at least three specific scriptures to support...
-
10.27 Find Hamilton's canonical equations for (a) A simple pendulum (b) A simple Atwood machine (c) A particle sliding down a smooth inclined plane
-
A car is moving in a circle at a constant speed of 45 m/s. Its radial acceleration is 60 m/s2. Fill in the data table below. t (s) V (m/s) a (m/s) 0 1 2 3 4
-
Q = mc AT An aluminum metal is heated in boiling water and transferred to 75 gram of water at an initial temperature of 18C in an insulated container with negligible specific heat capacity. If the...
-
a) "Investors face a trade-off between risk and expected return. Historical data confirm our intuition that assets with low degrees of risk should provide lower returns on average than do those of...
-
Given the following three planes: D: (x,y,z)=(0,-1,4)+ k(-2, 1, 2) D (x,y,z)=(2,-1,14)+m(1,0,5) 1.Prove that these two lines are secant and find their point of intersection 2. Find the equation of...
-
Farmer Tater was driving a 2(4)/(5) mile loop on his tractor. He completed 4(2)/(7) jloops before timing out. How many miles did Farmer Tater drive?
-
You are standing at x = 9.0 km and your assistant is standing at x = 3.0 km. Lightning bolt 1 strikes at x = 0 km and lightning bolt 2 strikes at x = 12.0 km. You see the flash from bolt 2 at t = 10...
-
Indicate, in each of the following situations, the number of exemptions the taxpayers are entitled to claim on their 2012 income tax returns. Number of Exemptions a. Donna, a 20-year-old single...
-
Quince Interests is a partnership with a tax year that ends September 30, 2012. During that year, Potter, a partner, received $3,000 per month as a guaranteed payment, and his share of partnership...
-
Steve Jackson (age 51) is a single taxpayer living at 3215 Pacific Dr., Del Mar, CA 92014. His Social Security number is 465-88-9415. In 2012, Steve's earnings and income tax withholding as the...
-
What are the three main considerations involved in managing subcontractors?
-
The construction schedule is the only project document that fully communicates the contractor's intentions for delivering the contracted scope of services over the full course of the project...
-
Why is an independent review of work accomplishment preferred over having the foreman responsible for the work do the assessment?
Study smarter with the SolutionInn App