$$

The Message$-$Oriented Middleware $\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.$

$13$

a$.$

do not require either the sender or receiver to be active during message transmission

b$.$

none of these

c$.$

is a type of message$-$oriented transient communication

d$.$

requires either the sender or receiver to be active during message transmission

e$.$

is an abstraction over the actual communication end point