The pipe operator chains commands together. It passes the output of a preceding command as the input of the next command. This continues for however many pipes you wish to add.

Redirection:

Wildcards and Curly Braces:

matches zero or more characters

$?$ matches one character

$\{\}$ specifies one of the characters in the braces

$\{a,b,c\}$ corresponds to placing an $a,b,$ or $c$

$-\{x..y\}$ range $x$ to $y$ where $x$ and $y$ are letters or numbers.