The post$-$colonial Third World that emerged after World War II required urgent changes in public

administrative structures, processes, and behaviour in order to facilitate rapid development.

Development administration, as a new category of public administration, was introduced in response

to the special needs and requirements of development. The objective contents of development and

the nature of the structure of the primary agency of development, namely bureaucracy, became a

serious focus.

Since the publication of Wilson$$s founding essay in $1887,$ change and reform have remained a

constant refrain of administrative analysis. The initial impulse came from reformers interested in

separating politics from administration, to rid the latter of corruption and to professionalize it$.$

Successive efforts in disciplinary growth were aimed at organizing decision$-$making and policyrefinement, behavioural reorientation of employees and managers and public administration, towards

an open system, environmentally sensitive and a client$-$responsive direction.

In the third world, public administration became development administration, which had a new focus,

objectives, and modalities of functioning. The development$-$reform nexus spawned a variety of

responses from international agencies such as the World Bank, as well as from developing countries

themselves. Good governance, participative developments, and de$-$bureaucratization gained

importance in conceptualizing contemporary public administration and public management.

$1\mathrm{.}1$ Analyse the views of Max Weber, Victor Thompson, and Guy Peters and provide an

understanding of how administrative reform is aligned to their views. $(20)$

$1\mathrm{.}2$ Bureaucracy been portrayed as a universal and permanent institution uncontaminated by the

frailties and frivolities of politics. Explain the different forms of bureaucracy