The researchers designed a study using a convenience sample of 40 participants who have entered treatment for smoking dependence. The participants were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups, the standard treatment program or the standard treatment program with Mindfulness Therapy. Participants will receive treatment for 16 weeks and then complete a Youth Specific version of the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS). The treatment groups are considered equivalent at the beginning of the study based on random assignment to groups. The null hypothesis states there will be no difference in scores on the NDSS between those who receive the standard treatment program and those who receive the standard treatment program with Mindfulness Therapy. The researcher used an independent samples t-test to analyze the data.

The scores on the Youth-Specific NDSS for the two groups are: Independent Samples T-Test Results The results are t(38) = 4.9607, p = .000. Standard Treatment Means = 13.25 (Standard Deviation = 3.51) Standard Treatment AND Mindfulness Means= 8.1 (Standard Deviation = 3.04)

1) What type of study design is used (between/within groups, pretest/post-test, etc.)? Please explain. 3) Include a second measurement scale or tool, and discuss at least one psychometric property (i.e., Cronbach's alpha or reliability coefficient).