THIS IS THE QUESTION I AM ASKING. NO OTHER QUESTION. """After reading the following summary, which stakeholders are involved?"""" Since the Big Dig project was first introduced in the previous edition of this textbook, a number of additional events have occurred that make it important for us to revisit the original story and update the cur- rent status of this monumental project. When it was opened in 1959, Bostons Central Artery highway was hailed as a marvel of engineering and forward- thinking urban planning. Designed as an elevated six-lane highway through the middle of the city, the highway was intended to carry a traffic volume of 75,000 vehicles a day. Unfortunately, by the early 1980s, the Central Artery was burdened by a daily volume of more than 200,000 vehicles, a nearly three- fold increase over the anticipated maximum traffic levels. The result was some of the worst urban congestion in the country, with traffic locked bum- per to bumper for more than 10 hours each day. At over four times the national average, the accident rate for the Central Artery added to commuters misery. Clearly, the Central Arterya crumbling, overused, and increasingly dangerous stretch of highwayhad outlived its usefulness. The solution to the problem was the advent of the Central Artery/Tunnel (CA/T) project, commonly known to people from the Boston area as the Big Dig. Under the supervision of the Massachusetts Turnpike Authority and using federal and state fund- ing, the CA/T project comprises two main elements: (1) replacing the aging elevated roadway with an 8- to 10-lane underground expressway directly beneath the existing road, with a 14-lane, two-bridge crossing of the Charles River, and (2) extending Interstate 90 through a tunnel beneath South Boston and the harbor to Logan Airport. Originally conceived and initiated in the early 1980s, the project was a continuous activity (some would say headache) in the city for more than 20 years. The technical challenges in the Big Dig were enormous. Employing at its peak about 5,000 workers, the project included the construction of eight miles of highway, 161 lane miles in all, almost half below ground. It required the excavation of 16 million cubic yards of soil, enough to fill the New England Patriots football stadium 16 times, and used 3.8 million cubic yards of concrete. The second major challenge was to perform these activities with- out disrupting existing traffic patterns or having a deleterious effect on the current highway system and its traffic flows. Thus, while miles of tunnels were being excavated underneath the old Central Artery, traffic volume could not be slowed on the elevated highway. The project had been a source of controversy for several years, most notably due to its soaring costs and constantly revised budget. At the time of the projects kickoff in 1983, the original projections for the projects scope assumed a completion date of 1998 and one- time funding from the federal government to cover 60% of the projects original $2.5 billion budget. In fact, the budget and schedule have been revised upward nearly constantly since the project kicked off.

Consider the following budget levels:

Year Budget (in billions) 1983: 2.56, 1989: 4.44, 1992: 6.44, 1996: 10.84, 2000: 14.08, 2003:14.63

Final cost projections soared to over $14.5 billion and the project officially wrapped up in late 2004, or seven years late. Cost estimates and subsequent expenditures were so bad that by 2000, a federal audit of the project concluded that the Big Dig was officially bankrupt. One component of the federal audit concluded that a major cause for runaway project costs was due to poor project management oversight. Specifically, it was found that project management routinely failed to hold contractors to their bids or to penalize them for mistakes, resulting in huge cost increases for the Big Dig. Because of the intense public scrutiny and sensitive nature of the project, managers also stopped tracking or publicly acknowledging escalating costs, fearing that the political backlash could cripple the project. In fact, Taxpayers for Common Sense, a non- partisan watchdog group, charged that the projects economics became so bad that managers delayed budgeting for contracts worth $260 million to a consulting firm because they could not offset such a large cost in the short term. In response to public outcry over the delays and rising costs, the project manager submitted his resignation. Not surprisingly, the citizens of Boston have viewed the opening of the Big Dig with a genuine sense of ambivalence. Though a technological marvel that will undoubtedly improve the lives of its users, while reducing carbon monoxide emissions and improving the green reputation of the city, the project proved to be such a financial morass that public officials quietly canceled a planned celebration of a major sections opening. Finger pointing and a search for the causes of the Big Digs poor cost estimation and control were vigorous. For its part, the Massachusetts Turnpike Authority planned a $150 million lawsuit against the firms that managed the project, arguing that many of the cost overruns could be attributed to poor project management and oversight. Increasingly, the question being asked was: Were original cost estimates for the CA/T given in good faith or were they tuned to meet political realities? That is, did officials deliberately underestimate true project costs, fearing that the project would not have been approved in the beginning if the public was aware of its likely cost and scope? If so, the result has been to leave a sour taste in the mouths of the taxpaying public, convinced that the CA/T project represents a combination of brilliant technical achievement coupled with poor estimation and lax control. Former Massachusetts House Speaker Thomas Finnerman put the matter directly: Youd be much, much better off saying upfront, factually, Hey, its going to take umpteen years likely and umpteen billions dollars, rather than selling it as a kind of smoke and mirrors thing about, Oh, its two billion and a couple of years work. Aftermath: Reconsidering the Big Dig Since the completion of the Big Dig, you would expect the commotion to have died down, the complaints to have been resolved, and the people of Boston to have become used to the advantages of this enormous project. Unfortunately, that has not been the case. Since its completion in early 2004, bad press, disasters, and accountability continue to dog the Central Tunnel/ Artery system. In 2001, prior to the completion of the project, thousands of leaks began appearing in the ceiling of sections of the tunnel system. The cause? Records suggest that the primary contractor for the concrete pour- ing, Modern Continental, failed to remove debris prior to pouring concrete, resulting in flaws, cavities, and pockets of weakness in the ceiling and walls of the tunnels. In May 2006, six employees of the main supplier of concrete were arrested for falsifying records. In fact, 2006 was a very bad year for the Big Dig for a variety of reasons. On July 10, 2006, the bolt and epoxy system holding four sections (12 tons) of concrete ceiling panels failed, causing a section to collapse onto the tunnel roadway and kill a passenger in a car passing beneath the section at the time. That month, a detailed inspection of the ceiling panels throughout the tunnel system identified an additional 242 bolts that were already showing signs of stress! The tunnel system was shut down for the month of August for inspection and repairs. Also in August, the state assumed control of the Central Tunnel/Artery from the Turnpike Authority, citing the TAs poor record of supervision and effective project control. The tragedy became something close a to farce when the Turnpike Authority and Federal Highway Administration refused to release critical documents to the state, including: Deficiency reports flagging initial substandard work Construction change orders and contract revisions Inspection reports on workmanship and build- ing material quality Until the court system orders the release of all project documents, we may never know the extent of mismanagement and poor decision making that dogged the development of the CT/A. From a public relations perspective, however, the fighting between state and federal authorities over oversight and control of the troubled project is a continuing black eye for all parties involved. In early 2008, the contractors for the Big Dig, including primary contractors Bechtel and Parson Brinckerhoff, were ordered to pay $450 million to settle the states lawsuit over the 2006 tunnel collapse. Though this settlement does not absolve the contractors from future lawsuits, it does settle some of the more egregious failures that occurred while they led the project. Michael Sullivan, the U.S. Attorney who led the lawsuit, noted that the contractors originally made a profit of about $150 million from the Big Dig; however, They lost money as a result of the failures that occurred under their watch.