Time left $2$:$20$:$50$

$10$

Vandelay Industries' business strategy is to differentiate its products through innovation, and the company emphasizes HR practices such as minimizing labor costs, providing a low pay level and limiting pay dispersion, and reducing training and development costs. Which of the following best characterizes Vandelay's approach?

a$.$ It lacks horizontal alignment

b$.$ It is vertically aligned

c$.$ It lacks vertical alignment

d$.$ It shows high dual alignment

e$.$ None of the above