Traditionally, some companies such as Microsoft enjoyed first$-$mover advantages by being the first to market with their product or process, benefitting from reputation and scale advantages, amongst others. Other companies such as airlines enjoyed a degree of insulation from competition through regulatory protection. Some companies such as car manufacturers have benefited from relatively stable consumer demand. All of these benefits rely on a degree of stability in the business environment.

As the business environment becomes more turbulent, these traditional advantages are being challenged and the concept of the resilient organisation is taking hold as a way of combatting this accelerating pace of change and outperforming competitive rivals over the long run $($Hamel and Valikangas $(2003).$ According to these scholars, which of the below are considered reasons for the inevitable decline of once$-$successful strategies?

a$.$

Strategies experience diminishing marginal returns as markets become more saturated

b$.$

Strategies become replicated by other organisations and become less distinct

c$.$

Strategies become increasingly weakened by stronger consumer bargaining power

d$.$

Strong innovative strategies from competitors supplant weaker strategies