Two managers are talking about how they get the best out of their employees:

Jo: I tell my employees that times are tough and there is no way of telling when the guys in head office might try to downsize. Let me tell you, a bit of fear keeps them focused on the task at hand.

Chris I tell them that head office is making them more responsible for deciding how to do their work. The increased sense of ownership they have makes productivity go way up

Which motivation theory would these managers be best characterized by? Why?