$**$Water$-$Supply System Flow Rate and Pressure Loss Analysis in Civil Engineering$**$

Flow rate and pressure loss analysis are essential aspects of designing and analyzing water$-$supply systems in civil engineering. Understanding these concepts helps in determining the capacity and efficiency of the system, ensuring adequate water supply and optimal performance.

Here is a brief explanation of water$-$supply system flow rate and pressure loss analysis:

$1.**$Flow Rate$**$: Flow rate refers to the volume of water that passes through a particular section of a pipe or a water$-$supply system per unit of time. It is typically measured in gallons per minute $($GPM$)$ or liters per second $($L$/$s$).$ Determining the flow rate is crucial for sizing pipes, selecting pumps, and ensuring that the system can deliver the required amount of water to meet the demand.

$2.**$Pressure Loss$**$: Pressure loss, also known as head loss, occurs as water flows through pipes, fittings, valves, and other components of the water$-$supply system. It is the reduction in pressure from the source to the point of use. Pressure loss can be caused by factors such as friction, changes in pipe diameter, bends, and obstructions. Analyzing pressure loss helps in determining the energy requirements for pumping and ensuring that the system maintains adequate pressure at various points.

Objective Question:

Based on the information provided, here's an objective question for you:

Which factor can cause pressure loss in a water$-$supply system?

A$)$ Flow rate B$)$ Pipe diameter C$)$ Pump capacity D$)$ Water demand

Please select the correct answer from the given choices.