We learned that Push-based supply chains take production and distribution decisions based on long-term forecasts. Which of the following is a disadvantage of Push-based supply chains?

Select one:

a. Inability to meet changing demand patterns / Product obsolescence.

b. Variability of the orders received upstream in the supply chain is smaller than the variability in the customer demand due to the bullwhip effect.

c. Smaller safety stocks.

d. Lower costs.

e. None of these is a disadvantage of Push-based supply chains.