What role does the Intermediate Language play in the execution of a $.$NET program?

What is casting? What is implicit casting? What is explicit casting? How do the terms widening conversion and narrowing conversion fit in$?$ How is it different from parsing?

What is meant by the $\backslash "$scope of a variable?$\backslash "$ What are the various types of scope? What is the lifetime of a variable?

What is meant by exception handling? What is meant by data validation? How are the two similar? How are they different?

What distinguishes an array from an ArrayList from a List $?$ Focus on adding elements to each structure, accessing elements, size and data typing. Give examples declaring each.

Which operators in C# are known as short$-$circuit operators? Explain why they are labeled as such and give a meaningful example of their use.

What is hashing and hash function? Why it is important to override both Equals$()$ and GetHashCode$()$ function in a class? When does a collision occur in hashing? Explain with an example.

What is delegate and why are they used? Give an example of Action and Func delegates. Explain the difference between Single cast delegate and multi cast delegate.

Define $3$ principles of OOPs $-$ Encapsulation, Inheritance, and Polymorphism. Explain with examples how these $3$ principles are implemented in C# programming language.