While reading about file system permissions in Linux, you discover that the default permissions assigned to new files when they are created are $rw-rw-rw-(666$ octal$),$ and new directories are $rwrwrw(777$ octal$).$

However, when you create a new file in a directory called$/$data$,$ the permissions assigned are $rw-r-r--.$

Which of the following BEST explains the results you are seeing?

There are more restrictive permissions assigned to the $/$data directory, and any new files created inside that directory will inherit the more restrictive permissions

You are logged in as the root user, and all files created by the root user are assigned these permissions. Only normal users get $rwrwrw(777$ octal$)$ permissions on newly created files

The umask must be set to $0022$ and, therefore, block the write permission for the group owner and everyone else

Because you are logged in as a normal user and not the root user, all files that you create will be created with a more restrictive set of permissions.