1. Without discussion your personal thoughts, please analyze this case using the IRAC format: Issue, Rule, Analysis, Conclusion.
   1. Issue: What is the question presented to the Court? In other words, what are the parties fighting about, and what is the Court trying to decide?
   2. Rule: What are the relevant rules of law that the Court uses to make its decision?
   3. Analysis: How does the Court apply those rules of law to the facts in the case?
   4. Conclusion: What is the holding of the Court? In other words, what did the Court conclude or what is the final outcome of the case? (Your finding should only be stated in one or two sentences.)
2. What is your personal opinion after reading this case?(There is no correct answer.)
3. DISCUSS with a classmate. Comment on one of your classmates' opinions and provide whether you agree or disagree with their answer. (To receive full credit for your work, you must discuss with a classmate.)
4. PARTICIPATION CREDIT. Which concepts in this chapter were the most challenging for you to learn, if any?

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GONG LUM v. RICE(1927) No. 29 Argued: Decided: November 21, 1927 Mr. James N. Flowers, of Jackson, Miss., for plaintiffs in error. [275 U.S. 78, 79] Messrs. Rush H. Knox, of Jackson, Miss., and E. C. Sharp, of Corinth, Miss., for defendants in error. Mr. Chief Justice TAFT delivered the opinion of the Court. This was a petition for mandamus filed in the state circuit court of Mississippi for the First judicial district of Bolivar county. Gong Lum is a resident of Mississippi, resides in the Rosedale consolidated high school district, and is the father of Mar- tha Lum. He is engaged in the mercantile business. Neither he nor she was connected with the consular service, or any other service, of the government of China, or any other government, at the time of her birth. [275 U.S. 78, 80] She was nine years old when the petition was filed, having been born January 21, 1915, and she sued by her next friend, Chew How, who is a nativeborn citizen of the United States and the state of Mississippi. The petition alleged that she was of good moral character, between the ages of 5 and 21 years, and that, as she was such a citizen and an educable child, it became her father's duty under the law to send her to school; that she desired to attend the Rosedale consolidated high school; that at the opening of the school she appeared as a pupil, but at the noon recess she was notified by the superintendent that she would not be allowed to return to the school; that an order had been issued by the board of trustees, who are made defendants, excluding her from attending the school solely on the ground that she was of Chinese descent, and not a mem- ber of the white or Caucasian race, and that their order had been made in pursuance to instructions from the state super- intendent of education of Mississippi, who is also made a defendant. The petitioners further show that there is no school maintained in the district for the education of children of Chinese descent, and none established in Bolivar county where she could attend. The Constitution of Mississippi (Const. 1890, 201, 206) requires that there shall be a county common school fund, made up of poll taxes from the various counties, to be retained in the counties where the same is collected, and a state common school fund to be taken from the general fund in the state treasury, which together shall be sufficient to maintain a com- mon school for a term of four months in each scholastic year, but that any county or separate school district may levy an additional tax to maintain schools for a longer time than a term of four months, and that the said common school fund shall be distributed among the several counties and separate school districts in proportion to the number of educable chil- dren in each, to be collected [275 U.S. 78, 81] from the data in the office of the state superintendent of education in the manner prescribed by law; that the Legislature encourage by all suitable means the promotion of intellectual, scientific, moral, and agricultural improvement, by the establishment of a uniform system of free public schools by taxation or oth- erwise, for all children between the ages of 5 and 21 years, and as soon as practicable, establish schools of higher grade. The petition alleged that, in obedience to this mandate of the Constitution, the Legislature has provided for the establish- ment and for the payment of the expenses of the Rosedale consolidated high school, and that the plaintiff, Gong Lum, the GONG LUM v. RICE(1927) No. 29 Argued: Decided: November 21, 1927 Mr. James N. Flowers, of Jackson, Miss., for plaintiffs in error. [275 U.S. 78, 79] Messrs. Rush H. Knox, of Jackson, Miss., and E. C. Sharp, of Corinth, Miss., for defendants in error. Mr. Chief Justice TAFT delivered the opinion of the Court. This was a petition for mandamus filed in the state circuit court of Mississippi for the First judicial district of Bolivar county. Gong Lum is a resident of Mississippi, resides in the Rosedale consolidated high school district, and is the father of Mar- tha Lum. He is engaged in the mercantile business. Neither he nor she was connected with the consular service, or any other service, of the government of China, or any other government, at the time of her birth. [275 U.S. 78, 80] She was nine years old when the petition was filed, having been born January 21, 1915, and she sued by her next friend, Chew How, who is a nativeborn citizen of the United States and the state of Mississippi. The petition alleged that she was of good moral character, between the ages of 5 and 21 years, and that, as she was such a citizen and an educable child, it became her father's duty under the law to send her to school; that she desired to attend the Rosedale consolidated high school; that at the opening of the school she appeared as a pupil, but at the noon recess she was notified by the superintendent that she would not be allowed to return to the school; that an order had been issued by the board of trustees, who are made defendants, excluding her from attending the school solely on the ground that she was of Chinese descent, and not a mem- ber of the white or Caucasian race, and that their order had been made in pursuance to instructions from the state super- intendent of education of Mississippi, who is also made a defendant. The petitioners further show that there is no school maintained in the district for the education of children of Chinese descent, and none established in Bolivar county where she could attend. The Constitution of Mississippi (Const. 1890, 201, 206) requires that there shall be a county common school fund, made up of poll taxes from the various counties, to be retained in the counties where the same is collected, and a state common school fund to be taken from the general fund in the state treasury, which together shall be sufficient to maintain a com- mon school for a term of four months in each scholastic year, but that any county or separate school district may levy an additional tax to maintain schools for a longer time than a term of four months, and that the said common school fund shall be distributed among the several counties and separate school districts in proportion to the number of educable chil- dren in each, to be collected [275 U.S. 78, 81] from the data in the office of the state superintendent of education in the manner prescribed by law; that the Legislature encourage by all suitable means the promotion of intellectual, scientific, moral, and agricultural improvement, by the establishment of a uniform system of free public schools by taxation or oth- erwise, for all children between the ages of 5 and 21 years, and as soon as practicable, establish schools of higher grade. The petition alleged that, in obedience to this mandate of the Constitution, the Legislature has provided for the establish- ment and for the payment of the expenses of the Rosedale consolidated high school, and that the plaintiff, Gong Lum, the